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Holiday

language culture Maturity 11-13 Next article →

A holiday is a specific period of time set aside for festivals, recreation, or rest. These periods can be thematic, meaning they celebrate a specific group, event, or idea. They can also be non-thematic, serving simply as days of rest without a particular meaning. Public holidays are established by public authorities and vary depending on the state or region. Religious holidays are designated by religious organizations for their members. In many countries where a specific religion is the majority, these religious dates are also observed as public holidays.

The word holiday has a long history rooted in language. It originates from the Old English term hāligdæg, which combines hālig, meaning holy, and dæg, meaning day. Originally, the term referred exclusively to special religious days. Today, the term has different meanings depending on where you live. In the United States, the word refers to specific days of national, religious, or cultural celebration. In the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth nations, the word is often used as a synonym for a vacation. This refers to a period of time taken away from work or school for travel or rest.

Holidays function through various organizational systems and calendars. The New Year is a global holiday celebrated by many cultures for at least four millennia. Most modern cultures use the Gregorian calendar, marking the transition from December 31 to January 1. However, other systems exist, such as the calendars used for Chinese New Year or Vietnamese Tet. Sometimes, holidays must be adjusted to fit the work week. In the United Kingdom, if a bank holiday falls on a weekend, a substitute weekday is recognized. New Zealand uses a specific process for this called Mondayisation, where the holiday moves to the following Monday.

There are many distinct categories of holidays used globally. National days celebrate a nation's unique history, such as independence, founding, or unification. For example, the United States celebrates July 4, and France commemorates the Bastille Day revolution. Almost every country observes a national day, except for Denmark and the United Kingdom. Religious holidays are also diverse. Christians observe the liturgical year through holidays like Easter and Christmas. Muslims celebrate major holidays such as Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. Hindus, Jains, and Sikhs observe Diwali, known as the Festival of Light.

Many holidays undergo a process called secularisation. This happens when a holiday with religious origins is celebrated by people for non-religious reasons. Christmas is a major example of this global trend. It is celebrated by over 2 billion people worldwide. In Britain, 61% of people celebrate Christmas in an entirely secular way. In the United States, 81% of non-Christian Americans also celebrate the holiday. This shift can sometimes cause social tension. In Birmingham, the UK, the promotion of multicultural seasonal events led to debates regarding the role of faith in a secular world.

Modern society has also created holidays to address social and political issues. The United Nations publishes a list of International Days and Weeks to highlight specific topics. International Women's Day occurs on March 8 to celebrate women's achievements and rights. Earth Day, observed on April 22, marks the dangers of environmental damage like pollution. Since its start in 1970, Earth Day has grown significantly, with 10,000 events recorded in 2007. There are also unofficial or "funny" holidays that people celebrate for humor. Examples include International Talk Like a Pirate Day on September 19 or April Fools' Day on April 1.

Finally, holidays are often connected to the systems of commerce and industry. In the United States, holidays have been part of a culture of consumption since the late 19th century. Many festivals have become commercialised, meaning they are reshaped to serve industrial needs. As department stores grew after the Civil War, they became a way to express this commercialism. Holidays provide a scheduled time for the public to participate in large-scale buying and spending. This connects the tradition of the holiday to the broader economic systems of a country.

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