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Hiri Motu

language culture Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Hiri Motu is a unique language spoken in Papua New Guinea. It is found near the capital city, Port Moresby. This language is a simplified version of Motu. Motu belongs to the Austronesian language family. Hiri Motu is often called a lingua franca. This means it is a language used to help different groups communicate. While it is not strictly a pidgin or a creole, it shares features of both. It is also influenced by Tok Pisin.

The language has two main dialects. These are known as the "Austronesian" and "Papuan" dialects. The names refer to the first languages spoken by the users. The Papuan dialect is also called the non-central dialect. It was used for official publications starting around 1964. The Austronesian dialect is also called the central dialect. This version is closer to the original Motu language in grammar and vocabulary. Many speakers considered this the prestige dialect. They viewed it as the more "correct" way to speak.

Grammar in Hiri Motu follows specific rules. One important feature is the use of inclusive and exclusive pronouns. The inclusive "we" includes both the speaker and the listener. The exclusive "we" includes the speaker but excludes the listener. The language also uses postpositions. A postposition is a word that follows a noun. For example, the word "ia" can mean "in," "on," or "at." If a word ends in a vowel, the postposition might fuse with it. This changes the spelling of the words.

Sentence structure in Hiri Motu can be flexible. There are two main word orders used. These are subject–object–verb (SOV) and object–subject–verb (OSV). The OSV order is actually more common. In both cases, the sentence must end with a verb. Because the order can change, sentences can sometimes be confusing. To fix this, speakers use a subject marker. This marker is the word "e." It is placed immediately after the subject. This helps clarify who is performing the action.

The history of Hiri Motu is tied to ancient traditions. The name "hiri" comes from traditional trade voyages. The Motu people used these voyages to trade goods. They carried treasures like sago and clay pots to the Gulf of Papua. This trade created a shared culture among coastal people. Later, the language became known as "Police Motu." This was because the Royal Papuan Constabulary adopted it. The language helped the police force communicate.

In the early 1970s, the name was officially changed. A committee from the Department of Information and Extension Services met to discuss this. They wanted a name that reflected the language's history. They felt "Police Motu" was too limited. They chose "Hiri Motu" to honor the legacy of the trade voyages. By the early 1960s, Hiri Motu was a lingua franca for much of the country. It was the first language for many children of public servants.

Today, the use of Hiri Motu is changing. Its use has been declining for many years. Many people now prefer to use English or Tok Pisin. Most current speakers are elderly. They are mostly located in the Central and Gulf provinces. Younger people who speak the original Motu often do not know Hiri Motu well. However, the language remains significant. It connects the modern people of Papua New Guinea to their seafaring ancestors.

Even with these changes, Hiri Motu has complex systems. Its number system can count up to 100,000. Many of these numbers are polysyllabic. For example, the number 99 is "lofulu niulau." While many people use English numbers now, the system is quite large. Hiri Motu shows how languages evolve through trade and social needs. It is a bridge between different cultures and histories. It remains a vital part of the linguistic landscape of Papua New Guinea.

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