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Samoan language

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Samoan is a Polynesian language spoken by the people of the Samoan Islands. It serves as an official language in the sovereign country of Samoa and the United States territory of American Samoa.

Samoa islands 2002
Samoa islands 2002

Beyond these islands, the language is widely spoken across the Pacific region. It has a significant presence in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States. Among the various Polynesian languages, Samoan is the most widely spoken by native speakers. It is a vital tool for cultural expression and connection for the Samoan diaspora.

American Samoa National Park sign for Lower Sauma
American Samoa National Park sign for Lower Sauma

Linguistically, Samoan is classified as an analytic and isolating language. It belongs to the Austronesian language family and the Samoic branch of the Polynesian subphylum. This means it shares many cognate words, or words with a common origin, with other Polynesian languages. Examples include words like aliʻi (chief), ʻava (a ceremonial drink), and atua (god). Linguists use different methods to group Samoan with its relatives. Some use a traditional classification based on grammar and vocabulary. This often places Samoan near Tokelauan and Eastern Polynesian languages like Māori and Hawaiian. Other analyses, such as those using the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, sometimes suggest different groupings.

American Samoa National Park sign for Pola Island
American Samoa National Park sign for Pola Island

The sound system, or phonology, of Samoan is quite distinct. The alphabet consists of 14 letters, though the letters H, K, and R are used for loan words.

Hauula Oahu
Hauula Oahu

Vowel length is phonemic, meaning the length of a vowel changes the word's meaning. For instance, tama means child, but tamā means father. Samoan also uses a glottal stop, which is a brief break in sound. This is represented by the ʻokina, an inverted comma. The presence or absence of this stop can change a word entirely. For example, mai means "from," while māʻi means "sickness." In formal speech, such as news broadcasts, all consonants are clearly used. In colloquial or casual speech, some consonants like 'k' and 't' may merge.

Samoan grammar includes unique ways of identifying people and things. The language uses separate words for inclusive and exclusive "we." An inclusive "we" includes the person being spoken to, while an exclusive "we" does not. It also distinguishes between singular, dual, and plural forms. The articles in Samoan do not function exactly like English articles. Instead of just marking "the" or "a," they indicate specificity. A speaker uses a specific article when they have a particular referent in mind. They use a non-specific article when referring to any member of a class. There are even diminutive articles used to express specific emotions or parts of things.

Nouns in Samoan can be primitive or derived. Primitive nouns name natural objects like the sun or trees. They also name manufactured items like canoes or houses. Many other nouns are derived from verbs by adding specific suffixes. For example, a noun meaning "chasing" can be created from a verb. These verbal nouns can refer to the action itself or the person performing it. In some cases, the ending of a word can even indicate a specific place. This flexibility allows the language to build complex meanings from simple roots.

The distribution of Samoan speakers shows a massive global reach. In 2015, the total number of speakers worldwide was estimated at 510,000. About 50 percent of these speakers live within the Samoan Islands. However, the diaspora is very large. In New Zealand, Samoan is the third-most spoken language. As of 2018, 101,900 people there could speak it. In Australia, the 2021 census showed 49,021 people speaking Samoan at home. The United States is also home to more than 180,000 Samoans. This is triple the population of American Samoa.

Cultural traditions help keep the language thriving. In New Zealand, the government and organizations like UNESCO support Samoan Language Week, or Vaiaso o le Gagana Sāmoa. This annual celebration honors the language and its importance. Australia also began celebrating this event for the first time in 2010. The language is used in various levels of formality. There is formal speech for sermons and ceremonial oratory. There is also casual speech for daily life. These different styles allow Samoan to adapt to every part of social life.

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File:Samoa islands 2002.gif
Samoa islands 2002.gif
File:American_Samoa_National_Park_sign_for_Lower_Sauma.jpg
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File:American_Samoa_National_Park_sign_for_Pola_Island.jpg
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File:Hauula Oahu.JPG
Hauula Oahu.JPG
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