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Gyeongbokgung

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Gyeongbokgung is a historic royal palace located in Seoul, South Korea.

Front view of the Imperial Throne Hall Geunjeongjeon at Gyeongbokgung Palace with blue sky in Seoul
Front view of the Imperial Throne Hall Geunjeongjeon at Gyeongbokgung Palace with blue sky in Seoul

It served as the primary residence for the kings of the Joseon dynasty. The name Gyeongbokgung was chosen by the official Chŏng Tojŏn in 1395. He selected the name from a poem in the Classic of Poetry. The name translates to "Greatly Blessed by Heaven." Today, the palace is a major cultural landmark and a symbol of Korean history.

도면 사적 제117호 경복궁 광화문 및 기타권역 복원정비계획 기술용역 (도면) 북궐도형
도면 사적 제117호 경복궁 광화문 및 기타권역 복원정비계획 기술용역 (도면) 북궐도형

The construction of the palace began in the 12th month of 1394. King Taejo, the founder of the Joseon dynasty, wanted a new capital. He decided that Hanyang, which is now Seoul, would be the center of his state. The first phase of construction finished in September 1395. King Taejo moved into the palace in December of that same year. Historians have different ideas about the original size of the palace. Some estimates suggest it had 390 rooms. Other estimates suggest it contained as many as 755 rooms.

During the reign of Sejong the Great, the palace reached its peak. Sejong ruled from 1418 to 1450 and greatly expanded the grounds.

아름다운 경회루
아름다운 경회루

He used the palace as a center for science and learning. The palace housed the Hall of Worthies, a research institute. It was here that Sejong led the creation of Hangul, the native Korean script. The palace also contained advanced scientific devices. These included a water clock called Borugak Jagyeongnu and an astronomical observatory. It even had a facility for producing movable type.

However, the palace faced a period of great destruction. In 1592, the Imjin War broke out. During this conflict, Gyeongbokgung was completely burned down. There are different theories about how the fire started. Some Korean texts suggest commoners burned it to destroy records. Others note that Japanese invaders entered the city during the war. After the war, the Joseon economy was very weak. Because of funding shortages, the palace remained unused for about 270 years. Most resources were used to rebuild the Changdeokgung palace instead.

Reconstruction efforts finally began in the late 19th century. Queen Sinjeong ordered work to start in April 1865.

Gyeongbokgung (1886)
Gyeongbokgung (1886)

King Gojong and his family moved back into the palace in 1868. This era was difficult because the palace suffered several major fires. One fire in 1876 caused twice as much damage as a previous one. Despite these setbacks, reconstruction was eventually completed in 1888. During this time, the palace also saw the introduction of Korea's first electric light.

The 20th century brought more challenges under Japanese colonization. Japan began ruling Korea in 1910. The Japanese government viewed the palace as a symbol of royal authority. They worked to systematically dismantle it.

조선물산공진회 광고지-1 (부분) (cropped)
조선물산공진회 광고지-1 (부분) (cropped)

Many buildings were sold and shipped away. For example, a building called Jaseondang was moved to Tokyo. By 1945, only 40 of the original 500 structures remained. The Japanese also built the Government-General of Chōsen Building on the palace grounds.

Government-General of Chōsen Building under construction (cropped)
Government-General of Chōsen Building under construction (cropped)

This large building was intended to show Japan as modern.

Since the liberation of Korea in 1945, massive restoration projects have begun. The palace was damaged again during the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. However, significant efforts to restore its original dignity started in the 1980s. There was a major First Gyeongbokgung Restoration Plan from 1990 to 2010. A Second Gyeongbokgung Restoration Plan is currently underway from 2008 to 2045.

경복궁 복원공사 현장
경복궁 복원공사 현장

These projects have already recreated dozens of lost buildings. Many more buildings are scheduled to be rebuilt in the future.

Today, Gyeongbokgung is a vibrant center for tourism and education. It houses the National Folk Museum of Korea and the National Palace Museum of Korea. Visitors can watch a changing of the guard ceremony twice every day.

20241114 changing
20241114 changing

The palace is easy to reach via Gyeongbokgung Station. It even offers special night openings during part of the year. Visitors wearing traditional hanbok can enter the palace for free. This helps keep the connection to Korean tradition alive for everyone.

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🖼️ Images & Media (27)
File:중묘조서연관사연도.png
중묘조서연관사연도.png
File:도성대지도_경복궁.jpg
도성대지도_경복궁.jpg
File:Gyeongbokgung (1886).png
Gyeongbokgung (1886).png
File:도면 사적 제117호 경복궁 광화문 및 기타권역 복원정비계획 기술용역 (도면) 북궐도형.jpg
도면 사적 제117호 경복궁 광화문 및 기타권역 복원정비계획 기술용역...
File:조선물산공진회_광고지-1_(부분)_(cropped).jpg
조선물산공진회_광고지-1_(부분)_(cropped).jpg
File:Government-General_of_Chōsen_Building_under_construction_(cropped).jpg
Government-General_of_Chōsen_Building_unde...
File:Aerial_of_Keijo_(Seoul)_Korea,_Taken_by_USS_Antietam_(cropped).jpg
Aerial_of_Keijo_(Seoul)_Korea,_Taken_by_US...
File:경복궁_복원공사_현장.jpg
경복궁_복원공사_현장.jpg
File:완전철거된_구_조선총독부_건물_2.jpg
완전철거된_구_조선총독부_건물_2.jpg
File:광여도 도성도 (cropped).jpg
광여도 도성도 (cropped).jpg
File:1894 seoul.png
1894 seoul.png
File:Gwanghwamun from National Museum of Korean Contemporary History.jpg
Gwanghwamun from National Museum of...

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