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Gujarati language

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Gujarati is a major Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Gujarati people. It is a vital part of the cultural landscape in India. The language holds official status in the state of Gujarat. It is also official in the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Within India, it is recognized as one of the 22 scheduled languages. This means it has a protected and formal role in the nation.

Upadesamala2
Upadesamala2

The language evolved through complex linguistic shifts from Sanskrit. Scholars often categorize Indo-Aryan languages into three historical stages. These are Old Indo-Aryan, Middle Indo-Aryan, and New Indo-Aryan. Gujarati is a modern New Indo-Aryan language. Some researchers trace its specific separation through four distinct stages. It split from other languages based on specific sound changes. For example, Northern divisions saw plosives become voiced. Eastern divisions saw sibilants merge with the palatal sounds. Gujarati specifically split from the Central division through innovations in auxiliary verbs and postpositions.

Linguistic history is often divided into three distinct eras for Gujarati. The first era is Old Gujarati, which lasted from 1200 CE to 1500 CE. This version was spoken by the Gurjars in central India and surrounding regions. It was used as a literary language as early as the 12th century. The second era is Middle Gujarati, spanning from 1500 to 1800. During this period, the language split from Rajasthani. It developed new sounds called phonemes, specifically ɛ and ɔ. The third era is Modern Gujarati, which began around 1800.

Many specific phonological changes occurred as the language transitioned. One major change was the reduction of geminates, or double consonants, into single consonants. This often happened alongside the lengthening of the preceding vowel. Another change involved the loss of final vowels. In the modern era, the deletion of the final ə sound resulted in many words ending in consonants. Grammatical structures also shifted significantly. The number of compounds was reduced. The dual number merged with the plural. Case affixes were replaced by postpositions. These changes transformed how speakers build sentences and express meaning.

Gujarati is a very large and growing language. As of 2011, it was the 6th most widely spoken language in India. It had approximately 55.5 million native speakers. This represents about 4.5% of the total Indian population. In 2007, it was ranked as the 26th most spoken language globally. The 2011 census also noted that Gujarati is one of the fastest-growing languages in India. It holds the third place for growth, following Hindi and Kashmiri.

Jinnah Gandhi
Jinnah Gandhi

The language has spread globally through the Gujarati diaspora. Large communities exist in Mumbai and Karachi. In North America, it is a fast-growing Indian language. In the United States, it is prominent in New Jersey and New York City. In Canada, the Greater Toronto Area has over 75,000 speakers. The United Kingdom has over 200,000 speakers. In London, it is the fourth most common South Asian language. Many speakers in the UK arrived from East Africa, including Kenya and Tanzania.

Gandhi's hut-karadi
Gandhi's hut-karadi

Famous historical figures have shaped the language's use. Mahatma Gandhi was a native speaker who used Gujarati for literary expression. He helped inspire a literary renewal. In 1936, he introduced the current spelling conventions. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was also a native speaker, though he advocated for Urdu. Today, the language has various regional varieties. These include Standard Gujarati, used in education and government. There is also Amdawadi Gujarati, spoken in Ahmedabad. Other versions include Kathiawari and Saurashtra, which was brought to Southern India during the Middle Ages.

Jinnah Gandhi
Jinnah Gandhi
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🖼️ Images & Media (4)
File:Upadesamala2.jpg
Upadesamala2.jpg
File:A Page from the Gujarati translation of 'Dabistān-i Mazāhibm' prepared and printed by Fardunji Marzban (1815).jpg
A Page from the Gujarati translation of...
File:Jinnah Gandhi.jpg
Jinnah Gandhi.jpg
File:Gandhi's hut-karadi.jpg
Gandhi's hut-karadi.jpg
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