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Gommateshwara statue

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The Gommateshwara statue is a massive monolithic sculpture located in India.

Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (2)
Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (2)

It stands on Vindhyagiri Hill, which is also called Indra-giri. This hill is situated in the town of Shravanabelagola in Karnataka. A monolith is a structure carved from a single piece of stone. This statue is carved from one massive block of granite. It remains one of the tallest monolithic statues from the ancient world. It was considered the tallest Jain statue until the year 2016.

The statue depicts the Jain figure Bahubali. He represents specific Jain precepts such as peace and non-violence. The figure also symbolizes sacrifice of worldly affairs and simple living. The sculpture shows Bahubali in a state of prolonged meditation. He is shown in a posture called kayotsarga, which means standing still. This motionless contemplation is a key part of his spiritual practice. The statue is intended to show his detachment from the world.

Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (2)
Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (2)

The iconography, or the visual symbols, of the statue is very detailed. Bahubali is shown with curly hair ringlets and large ears. His eyes are half open and rest on his nose. His facial features are chiseled with a faint smile. This smile represents calm inner peace and vitality. He has broad shoulders and his arms stretch straight down. The figure has no support from the thigh upwards. He stands on an open lotus, which signifies totality.

Nature is also carved into the stone to show his penance. An anthill appears in the background behind the figure. A snake and a creeper plant emerge from this anthill. These plants twine around his legs and arms. They eventually become a cluster of flowers and berries. These details show how long he stayed still during meditation. On either side, two chauri bearers stand in service. These are a yaksha and a yakshini. They are richly ornamented and beautifully carved.

Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (2)
Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (2)

History shows that the statue was commissioned by Chavundaraya. He was a minister and a commander for the Western Ganga dynasty. The construction was completed around 983 CE. Nearby, there are Jain temples known as basadis. There is also a second hill called Chandragiri. This hill contains ancient Jain centers that are older than the statue. Chandragiri is dedicated to Bharat. He was the brother of Bahubali and the son of the first Tirthankara, Rishabhnath.

A major event called Mahamastakabhisheka happens every 12 years.

Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (2)
Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (2)

During this festival, the statue receives a ritual bath. Devotees pour milk, saffron, and ghee over the figure. They also use sugarcane juice, known as ishukrasa. The German Indologist Heinrich Zimmer suggested these baths keep the statue looking fresh. The next scheduled abhishekam will take place in 2030. Many political leaders have attended, including Krishna-Rajendra Wodeyar in 1910. Narendra Modi and Ramnath Kovind also attended in 2018.

Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (2)
Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (2)

Legend provides a different story about the first ritual bath. It says that Chavundaraya originally used hundreds of pots of liquids. These included milk, tender coconut, sugar, nectar, and water. However, the liquid could not flow below the navel of the statue. A figure named Kushmandini appeared as a poor old woman. She held milk in the shell of a white Gullikayi fruit. After this, the abhisheka was completed from head to toe. Chavundaraya learned to perform the ritual without pride or arrogance.

Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (2)
Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (2)

The statue holds great significance in modern India. In a 2007 Times of India poll, it was voted a Wonder of India. It received 49% of the total votes in that poll. The Archaeological Survey of India protects the site. They list it as part of the Adarsh Smarak Monument group. It remains a major site for Jain pilgrimage and study. The site connects ancient Ganga dynasty history to modern religious traditions.

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