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Go (game)

arts Maturity 7-9 Next article →

Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players. The main objective is to fence off more territory than your opponent. Players do this by surrounding empty areas with their stones.

Fineart vs Golaxy
Fineart vs Golaxy

One player uses black stones and the other uses white stones. The game is famous for its extreme complexity. The number of legal board positions is approximately 10^170. This number is far greater than the estimated 10^80 atoms in the observable universe.

9 by 9 Go game with maps
9 by 9 Go game with maps

To play, players take turns placing stones on vacant intersections, which are called points. These points are where the lines of the grid cross. Once a stone is placed, it may not be moved. However, stones can be removed if they are captured. A stone or a connected group of stones is captured when an opponent surrounds all its orthogonally adjacent points. These adjacent empty points are known as liberties.

Go adjacent stones
Go adjacent stones

When a stone has only one liberty left, it is in a state called atari.

Go capturing
Go capturing

If the opponent plays on that last liberty, the stone is removed from the board.

Players use various formations to manage the game. A group of stones is considered "living" if it is permanently safe from capture. To stay alive, a formation must have or be able to make at least two enclosed open points called eyes. Because an opponent cannot play a move that results in their own stone having no liberties, they cannot fill these eyes. A group that cannot form two eyes is considered dead and can be captured.

Gofin
Gofin

Sometimes, groups reach a state called seki, or mutual life. This happens when neither player can play on a specific point without risking their own stones.

Goseki
Goseki

Strategic play involves many different concepts. Players often seek sente, which means controlling the offense. When you have sente, your opponent is forced to make defensive moves. This allows you to maintain the initiative. Other players may use sacrifice, where they allow a group to die to gain an advantage elsewhere. There are also capturing races, known as semeai. In these situations, the group with more liberties will eventually capture the other.

Gokof
Gokof

Go has a very deep history. It was invented in China more than 2,500 years ago. It is believed to be the oldest board game continuously played to the present day. The earliest written reference is found in the historical annal Zuo Zhuan. In ancient China, Go was one of the four essential arts for cultured aristocratic scholars.

Four Arts China Japan
Four Arts China Japan

The game reached Korea by the 5th century CE and Japan by the 7th century CE.

Minamotono yoshiie
Minamotono yoshiie

Board sizes vary depending on the level of play. A standard Go board has a 19×19 grid containing 361 points. Archaeological evidence shows that 17×17 boards were used in earlier centuries. Beginners often practice on smaller 9×9 or 13×13 boards.

13 by 13 game finished
13 by 13 game finished

The game is highly organized by rank. Players move from 30 kyu up to 1 kyu, and then into dan ranks. Professional players hold ranks from 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro. To balance games between different strengths, a handicap can be used. For example, Black may be allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's higher rank.

Today, Go remains a massive global activity. A 2016 survey by the International Go Federation found over 46 million people know how to play. There are over 20 million current players worldwide. Most of these players live in East Asia. When a game concludes, the winner is determined by counting surrounded territory and captured stones. A system called komi is used to add points to the white player's score. This compensates for the advantage of playing first.

Go pros and amateurs.jpg
Go pros and amateurs.jpg
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🖼️ Images & Media (17)
File:Fineart vs Golaxy.gif
Fineart vs Golaxy.gif
File:Go adjacent stones.png
Go adjacent stones.png
File:Go capturing.png
Go capturing.png
File:Gochsurule.png
Gochsurule.png
File:Gofin.png
Gofin.png
File:Goseki.png
Goseki.png
File:Gokof.png
Gokof.png
File:Go pros and amateurs.jpg.jpeg
Go pros and amateurs.jpg.jpeg
File:GovsShusai.jpg
GovsShusai.jpg
File:Changho-Dinerchtein.jpg
Changho-Dinerchtein.jpg
File:Four Arts China Japan.jpg
Four Arts China Japan.jpg
File:Go-tisch.png
Go-tisch.png

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