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Evening gown

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An evening gown is a long dress designed for formal occasions.

Maria Grazia Cucinotta - nicogenin - 66ème Festival de Venise (Mostra) 2
Maria Grazia Cucinotta - nicogenin - 66ème Festival de Venise (Mostra) 2

These garments are worn for events like the opera, theater premieres, or formal dinners. People often pair them with evening gloves to complete the look. While people sometimes use the term interchangeably, evening gowns differ from ball gowns. A ball gown must always feature a fitted bodice and a full skirt. In contrast, an evening gown can take many different shapes, known as silhouettes. These include the sheath, mermaid, fit and flare, A-line, or trumpet-shaped styles. They may also feature various necklines like halters or include straps and sleeves.

To create these elegant looks, designers select luxurious fabrics. Common materials include silk, which is a very popular fiber for these dresses. Other fabrics used are chiffon, velvet, satin, or organza. The choice of fabric and the way a dress is cut affects how it moves. The length of the gown also varies by style. A ballerina length reaches from the mid-calf to just above the ankles. A tea-length gown sits above the ankles. Finally, many gowns are full-length, reaching all the way to the floor.

Evening gowns, 1947
Evening gowns, 1947

The history of formal wear is tied to the rise of royal courts. In the 15th century, the Burgundian court under Philip the Good began setting fashion trends. During this time, wool was the most dominant fabric for dresses. Noble women would often add a train to their kirtle to make it formal. Clothing served as a vital identifier of social rank and status. As the Renaissance progressed, wealthy merchants and Patricians used fashion to display their success. By 1400, silk weaving was established in the Mediterranean. This made intricately woven silk and expensive furs available to those who could afford them.

In the 17th century, the center of fashion shifted to the French court of Louis XIV.

Wedding Supper - Martin van Meytens - Google Cultural Institute
Wedding Supper - Martin van Meytens - Google Cultural Institute

Baroque era dresses featured draped skirts with long trains and tight bodices. These gowns often had low necklines trimmed with lace and full sleeves decorated with ribbons. In the 18th century, formal styles evolved from the mantua into the sack-back gown. Women used tools like the farthingale or the pannier to add volume to their skirts. These tools helped create the specific silhouette desired by the courts. During this era, evening dresses were synonymous with court dress because balls were held in palaces.

Social changes in the late 18th century altered how these dresses were defined. The French Revolution helped move high society beyond just royals and aristocrats. This allowed the upper-middle class to participate in formal dances. Consequently, the specific term "evening or ball gown" began to emerge. The Empire or Regency style became common during this period. These versions of the dress featured high waists, lower necklines, and short sleeves. They were often decorated with elaborate fabrics and intricate embroidery.

Fashion underwent dramatic changes throughout the 19th century. Styles moved from simple, classical lines to much fuller skirts. In the 1830s, dresses featured huge sleeves, while the 1840s introduced off-the-shoulder styles with wide flounces. By the 1870s, the silhouette included a bustle and very short sleeves. The 1880s saw sleeveless, low-necked designs worn with opera gloves. By the 1890s, the fashion included a wasp-waist cut and long trains. During this century, people even distinguished between different types of formal wear. They separated high-necked dinner gowns from evening gowns for theater and ball gowns for the opera.

In the 20th century, silhouettes became much more varied. The Edwardian era, or Belle Epoque, favored an S-shaped figure with a narrow waist. Before and during World War I, lines became looser and more fluid. This led to the boyish silhouettes of the 1920s Flapper era, where hemlines rose and cuts became simple. The 1930s introduced artificial fibers and the bias cut, a method of cutting fabric to create a specific drape. Throughout these years, shapes like the mermaid and trumpet remained popular. Today, the full-skirted ball gown remains the highest level of formality for black-tie or white-tie events.

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File:Maria Grazia Cucinotta - nicogenin - 66ème Festival de Venise (Mostra) 2.jpg
Maria Grazia Cucinotta - nicogenin -...
File:Wedding Supper - Martin van Meytens - Google Cultural Institute.jpg
Wedding Supper - Martin van Meytens -...
File:Evening gowns, 1947.jpg
Evening gowns, 1947.jpg
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