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Etiquette

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Etiquette is a set of norms for personal behavior within a polite society. It functions as an ethical code of expected and accepted social behaviors. These behaviors follow the conventions practiced by a specific society, social class, or group. The term originates from the French word for a label or tag. In modern English usage, it dates to the year 1750. It may also come from the French word for "ticket." This suggests that proper behavior acts as a person's entry into society.

Company-Shocked-Gillray
Company-Shocked-Gillray

Throughout history, various leaders have used etiquette to shape social structures. In Ancient Egypt, the vizier Ptahhotep wrote *The Maxims of Ptahhotep*. This book taught civil virtues like truthfulness, self-control, and kindness. It also advised on how to behave near great political or religious figures. In China, the philosopher Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality. He focused on the correctness of social relationships and sincerity in all relations. During the Italian Renaissance, Baldassare Castiglione wrote *The Book of the Courtier* in 1528. This book served as an exemplar for the etiquette and morality of a courtier.

Monarchs have also used codified etiquette to maintain power and control. King Louis XIV of France used strict rules to tame the French nobility. He asserted his supremacy as an absolute monarch through these ceremonies. He received foreign dignitaries at the Palace of Versailles to impress them.

Zuidgevel Corps de logis rond 1675 Anonieme schilder
Zuidgevel Corps de logis rond 1675 Anonieme schilder

This helped establish the French court as a center of power. In the 18th century, Philip Stanhope, the 4th Earl of Chesterfield, used the term to mean the conventional rules of behavior in polite society. He wrote over 400 letters to his son regarding how to become a gentleman. These letters were first published in 1774 by his widow, Eugenia Stanhope.

In the United States, etiquette was viewed through the lens of morality and leadership. Benjamin Franklin emphasized practical morality and social harmony in his 1791 autobiography. He focused on thirteen virtues, including sincerity, humility, and temperance. Franklin believed etiquette should promote cooperation and avoid unnecessary conflict. He preferred usefulness over ostentatious formality. George Washington was also heavily influenced by social maxims. In his youth, he copied a set of 110 rules titled *Rules of Civility & Decent Behaviour in Company and Conversation*. These rules emphasized respect, restraint, and decorum. Even though critics called him unrefined, Washington used these rules to shape his public persona.

Social climbing and class identity have often driven the adoption of etiquette. During the Age of Enlightenment, the middle class adopted the behaviors of the upper class. This was a self-conscious process to identify as members of the social elite. They practiced the arts of elegant dress and gracious conversation. They also learned when to show emotion and how to show courtesy to women. Periodicals like *The Spectator* provided advice on being a gentleman. These publications aimed to bring philosophy into clubs and coffeehouses.

Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield by William Hoare
Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield by William Hoare

This helped people use etiquette for social advancement.

Etiquette has evolved into many different specific systems over time. The Victorian era of the 19th century created a complicated system of codified behaviors. This governed everything from the method for writing letters to the correct use of cutlery. It also regulated social relations between different classes and genders. In the modern era, we have developed digital etiquette, often called netiquette. This is a flexible code for behavior in online spaces. It is platform-dependent and highly situational. For example, a video call might require a person to keep their camera on to show engagement.

High-Change-in-Bond-Street-Gillray
High-Change-in-Bond-Street-Gillray

An email might require formal greetings to signal respect and competence.

Sociologists study manners to understand how they maintain social order. Norbert Elias argued in *The Civilizing Process* that manners arose from group living. He noted that manners proliferated during the Renaissance alongside the development of the absolute state. Manners help people display their social status and maintain social identity. They also act as a way to negotiate one's position within a social network. From a public health perspective, manners help manage the boundaries between public and private life. This creates a reflective self that monitors behavior with regard for others.

High-Change-in-Bond-Street-Gillray
High-Change-in-Bond-Street-Gillray
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