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Enemy

society Maturity 11-13 Next article →

An enemy is an individual or a group seen as a forceful threat. This designation serves a specific social function. It marks a particular entity as a danger to others. This process is meant to trigger intense emotional responses. People may feel anger, hatred, frustration, or fear. They might also feel envy, jealousy, or distrust. Some even feel a sense of grudging respect. The state of being an enemy is often called enmity, foehood, or foeship.

Yevgeny Onegin by Repin
Yevgeny Onegin by Repin

The word "enemy" has deep historical roots. It comes from the 9th-century Latin word "inimi." This term was derived from a Latin word meaning "bad friend." In political contexts, the concept often leads to violence or war. Because the term can sound very militaristic, polite society often uses substitutes. These substitutes can sometimes become pejorative, which means they are used as insults. A government might label a group a "public enemy." They might also call them an "enemy of the people." This process is known as demonization.

US propaganda Japanese enemy
US propaganda Japanese enemy

Demonization is a major tool used in propaganda. Propaganda is information used to influence how people think. An enemy can be a person, but it can also be conceptual. This means it describes impersonal things like a disease. In theology, "the Enemy" often refers to an evil deity or a demon. For example, early Iroquois legends describe a deity that was an enemy of man. In some religions, even a monotheistic God can be described as an enemy. The Bible contains a passage where a spirit tells King Saul that the Lord has become his enemy.

British Commonwealth and allies
British Commonwealth and allies

Historically, the idea of an enemy has been used to focus social anxiety. Leaders often target specific ethnic groups or races. They may also target an ideology. During the Cold War, many Americans viewed "Communists" as the enemy. They often used the pejorative term "Reds" to describe them. This term changed meaning based on the political mood or state of fear. There are also many idioms about hidden enemies. A "Trojan horse" or a "wolf in sheep's clothing" describes someone hiding their true intent.

Yevgeny Onegin by Repin
Yevgeny Onegin by Repin

Social science shows that having a common enemy can change how groups act. The perceived existence of a collective enemy often increases group cohesiveness. This means people in the group stick together more closely. However, identifying enemies can sometimes be irrational. This can happen through groupthink, where members stop thinking clearly. In extreme cases, like paranoid schizophrenia, a person may believe others are plotting against them. Peace and conflict studies examine these dynamics. In this field, an enemy is anyone perceived as preventing a goal. To find peace, one must eliminate the threat. This can be done by destroying the enemy or changing how one perceives them.

British Commonwealth and allies
British Commonwealth and allies

Literature uses the concept of the enemy to build tension. A story usually features a protagonist, who is the main character. The antagonist is the character who acts as the protagonist's enemy. Often, an "archenemy" has skills that match or exceed those of the hero. This makes the reader wonder if the hero can win. Sometimes, the enemy is shown as an evil character who harms innocent people. This encourages the reader to support the protagonist.

Yevgeny Onegin by Repin
Yevgeny Onegin by Repin

Many religious and legal systems focus on how to treat enemies. While hatred can be a natural impulse, many traditions favor forgiveness. The Dalai Lama notes that most major religions aim to benefit humanity through love. The Bible, for instance, instructs followers to help an enemy whose animal has gone astray. It also says not to rejoice when an enemy stumbles. In the Talmud, it is suggested that helping an enemy helps a person control their own bad impulses. Some say the truly strong person is one who converts an enemy into a friend. Similarly, the concept of Ahimsa in Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism requires non-violence toward all living things. Mohandas Gandhi believed that if one follows this doctrine, there is no room for an enemy.

Abdul Samad, left, a recently reintegrated Taliban commander, and Afghan policeman Nic Mohammed, the commander of the Afghan Local Police in Khas Uruzgan, inventory supplies in Khas Uruzgan district, Uruzgan 120304-N-JC271-051
Abdul Samad, left, a recently reintegrated Taliban commander, and Afghan policeman Nic Mohammed, the commander of the Afghan Local Police in Khas Uruzgan, inventory supplies in Khas Uruzgan district, Uruzgan 120304-N-JC271-051
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File:Yevgeny Onegin by Repin.jpg
Yevgeny Onegin by Repin.jpg
File:US propaganda Japanese enemy.jpg
US propaganda Japanese enemy.jpg
File:British Commonwealth and allies.jpg
British Commonwealth and allies.jpg
File:Abdul Samad, left, a recently reintegrated Taliban commander, and Afghan policeman Nic Mohammed, the commander of the Afghan Local Police in Khas Uruzgan, inventory supplies in Khas Uruzgan district, Uruzgan 120304-N-JC271-051.jpg
Abdul Samad, left, a recently...
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