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Emir

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An emir is a formal title used for various types of leaders. The word has its origins in Arabic. It comes from a root word meaning "to command." Historically, the term described a commander or a general. In modern times, the meaning has expanded significantly. It can refer to a male monarch or an aristocrat. It can also describe someone holding a high-ranking political or military office.

Emir of Kano on his throne 092016
Emir of Kano on his throne 092016

In many contexts, the title is now similar to the word "prince." A reigning monarch of a sovereign principality is said to rule an emirate. The feminine version of this title is emira, which is similar to "princess." The title has been used across many regions. These include West Asia, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and South Asia. It is also used as an honorary title for heads of certain Islamic or Arab organizations.

Shuja Shah Durrani and Men in his decorated palace Wellcome V0050531
Shuja Shah Durrani and Men in his decorated palace Wellcome V0050531

The history of the emir shows a shift from military command to political rule. Early on, the title was strictly for military leaders. For example, the Caliphs used the title Amir al-Mu'minin, or "Commander of the Faithful." This emphasized their leadership over the Islamic empire and its militia. In medieval Muslim states, different specific posts existed. One was the Amir al-umara, which means "Commander of Commanders." Another was the Amir al-hajj, the leader of a pilgrimage caravan to Mecca.

Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2
Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2

Military organization often used the title to denote specific ranks. In Mughal India, an amir commanded 1,000 horsemen. These horsemen were divided into ten units. Each unit was under a sipah salar, and ten of these were under a malik. In the imperial army of Qajar Persia, the title was even more specific. An Amir Panj was a "Commander of 5,000." An Amir-i-Tuman was a "Commander of 10,000."

Emir of Kano on his throne 092016
Emir of Kano on his throne 092016

Today, the way the title is used is changing in some places. Some hereditary rulers have replaced "emir" with "king." They do this to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law. For instance, the monarch of Bahrain changed his title from emir to king in 2002. However, some countries still use the title for their heads of state. Qatar and Kuwait are the only independent countries that retain the title of emir for their monarchs.

Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2
Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2

Other cultures and groups maintain their own traditions with the title. In the northern regions of Nigeria, traditional rulers are known as emirs. The sovereign of the former Sokoto empire is styled as the Sultan of Sokoto, or Amir-al-Muminin. The Yazidi people also have a temporal leader known as an emir. In Morocco, the Constitution uses the term Amir al-Mu'minin for the King. This helps show the King's Islamic legitimacy and his hegemonic role.

Emir of Kano on his throne 092016
Emir of Kano on his throne 092016

The word has also moved into the realm of personal names. Amir is a common masculine name in the Persian language. It is often used as a prefix for other names, such as Amir Ali. The feminine name Amira is also common among Arabs and Muslims. In Israel, the name is used in Hebrew as well. In that language, the spelling can also mean a "bundle of grain" or a "treetop." This shows how one ancient word can carry many different meanings across the world.

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Shuja Shah Durrani and Men in his...
File:Emir of Kano on his throne 092016.jpg
Emir of Kano on his throne 092016.jpg
File:Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2.png
Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2.png
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