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Harem

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A harem is a domestic space reserved for the women of a household. In Muslim families, this area often houses a man's wife or wives. It may also contain their pre-pubescent male sons and unmarried daughters. Female domestic servants and other unmarried female relatives often live there too. Historically, some harems also included enslaved concubines. The structure of these spaces changed based on a family's wealth and local customs.

4 New entrant to a princes harem. Jaipur, late 18 century, National Museum New Delhi (2)
4 New entrant to a princes harem. Jaipur, late 18 century, National Museum New Delhi (2)

The fundamental characteristic of the harem is the seclusion of women. This is the practice of keeping women in private areas away from other men. In the Ottoman Empire, the women's quarters were called the harem. The area for men was known as the selamlık. In traditional Persian architecture, these women's quarters were called the zenana. In the Indian subcontinent, the term zenana was also used.

Kızlarağası
Kızlarağası

Seclusion was often a sign of social and economic prestige. For the upper classes, having the money to keep wives at home showed high status. However, this was often difficult for poorer families. In some regions, like the Arabian Peninsula, seclusion caused great hardship for the lower classes. It was often economically unrealistic for them to follow this custom. In many areas, the harem was actually monogamous. For example, in late Ottoman Istanbul, only 2.29 percent of married men practiced polygyny. The average number of wives was only 2.08.

The history of these private spaces reaches far back into the ancient world. The practice did not originate with Islam. Many ancient Near East communities practiced female seclusion. In ancient Assyria, kings had harems regulated by strict royal edicts. These rules prevented disputes from turning into political plots. Eunuchs, who were men allowed inside the space, guarded the women. They also ensured no unapproved visitors entered the quarters.

King-wives-and-eunuchs
King-wives-and-eunuchs

Different empires developed unique social structures within these spaces. The Median Empire adopted harem customs after conquering Assyria in the 7th century BC. In the Achaemenid Empire, the royal household was managed by a powerful queen. She was usually the daughter of a prince and the mother of the heir. The queen had her own living quarters, revenue, and staff. Under her were secondary wives with the title of "Lady." Below them were unmarried or married princesses. The fourth rank included royal slave concubines.

In the Achaemenid Empire, concubines were trained to entertain the king. They performed as musicians, dancers, and singers. The harem of Darius III was quite large. It reportedly included his mother, his queen, over 300 concubines, and nearly 500 servants.

A court musician playing the kemanche, painting in style of Abul Qasim, Qajar Iran
A court musician playing the kemanche, painting in style of Abul Qasim, Qajar Iran

While these women lived in separate quarters, historians debate if they were fully secluded from all men. Some evidence suggests they were not always isolated from the rest of the court.

In the West, the harem has influenced many paintings, films, and books. Some Western depictions show a hidden world of sexual subjugation. However, earlier European Renaissance paintings from the 16th century tell a different story. These works often portrayed Ottoman harem women as individuals of political significance. In the Ottoman Empire, the "Sultanate of Women" was a period where women exercised real political influence.

Mihrimah Sultan
Mihrimah Sultan

Today, the tradition of seclusion is declining due to more education and economic opportunities for women. However, seclusion is still practiced in some parts of the world, such as rural Afghanistan and conservative states in the Persian Gulf.

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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Afghan lady in Kabul.jpg
Afghan lady in Kabul.jpg
File:4 New entrant to a princes harem. Jaipur, late 18 century, National Museum New Delhi (2).jpg
4 New entrant to a princes harem. Jaipur,...
File:Xosrov_və_Şirin_qızların_söylədiyi_əfsanələri_dinləməsi.JPG
Xosrov_və_Şirin_qızların_söylədiyi_əfsanəl...
File:Jahangir and Prince Khurram Entertained by Nur Jahan.jpg
Jahangir and Prince Khurram Entertained...
File:Mihrimah Sultan.jpg
Mihrimah Sultan.jpg
File:Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg
Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg
File:King-wives-and-eunuchs.jpg
King-wives-and-eunuchs.jpg
File:A court musician playing the kemanche, painting in style of Abul Qasim, Qajar Iran.jpg
A court musician playing the kemanche,...
File:Kızlarağası.jpg
Kızlarağası.jpg
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