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Dash

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A dash is a punctuation mark consisting of a long horizontal line. It is used to guide the reader through the rhythm of a sentence. While it may look like a simple hyphen, the dash is actually longer. It can also sit higher from the baseline of the text. Writers use dashes to mark breaks in thought or to set off extra information. They can also show spans of time or ranges of values.

Dash font comparison
Dash font comparison

There are several distinct types of dashes used in printed English. The em dash is the longest version of the mark. The en dash is generally longer than a hyphen but shorter than a minus sign. The horizontal bar is another type, often called a quotation dash. Its length varies depending on the typeface used. There is also the figure dash, which has the same width as a numerical digit.

Dash font comparison
Dash font comparison

Each dash performs a specific mechanical function in a sentence. An en dash can replace the words "to" or "through" to show a range. For example, it can connect two ends of a range like "ages 3–5." An em dash is often used to set off a parenthetical phrase. This is similar to using parentheses to add an explanatory remark. The em dash can also act as a leading character to identify the source of a quote.

Dash font comparison
Dash font comparison

History shows that dashes have been used in literature for centuries. In the early 17th century, dashes appeared in printed plays by William Shakespeare. These marks indicated a thinking pause or an interruption in speech. They could even show a mid-speech realization or a change of subject. In some editions, these dashes were composed of several hyphens. By 1733, the writer Jonathan Swift used the terms "break" and "dash" to describe these marks.

P15878coll17 5783 large
P15878coll17 5783 large

Different style guides establish different rules for using these marks. The American Psychological Association, or APA, uses an en dash for ranges. However, the American Medical Association, or AMA, prefers using a hyphen for those same ranges. Some guides recommend avoiding the en dash if a range might look like subtraction. For instance, writing "50 V to 100 V" is clearer than using a dash. This prevents the reader from misinterpreting the numbers.

Dash font comparison
Dash font comparison

En dashes are also used to show relationships between two things. This includes connecting symmetric items or contrasting different values. You might see an en dash used in a score like "Australia beat American Samoa 31–0." It is also used in compound attributes. This happens when one part of the description is already a compound phrase. An example is a "New York–style pizza." Using the en dash here clarifies that the pizza is in the style of New York.

Dash font comparison
Dash font comparison

In modern digital writing, the hyphen-minus is a common substitute. Most standard keyboards only have this single short mark. People often use a pair of hyphens to represent an em dash in informal settings. Fortunately, many word-processing programs have autocorrection features. These tools can automatically change a hyphen into the typographically correct dash. This helps maintain the professional appearance of the text.

Dash font comparison
Dash font comparison
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