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Quotation mark

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Quotation marks are essential punctuation marks used in pairs to identify specific text. They signal direct speech, a quotation, or a particular phrase. A complete set consists of an opening mark and a closing mark. These two marks may look identical or they may be different shapes. They serve as visual cues that help readers distinguish between the author's voice and other voices.

Quotation marks and similar signs
Quotation marks and similar signs

In English writing, these marks function in several distinct ways. The most common use is to indicate direct speech or a quote from another work. They also highlight the titles of short or subsidiary works, such as a specific book chapter. Sometimes, writers use "scare quotes" to express sarcasm or to suggest a term is merely "so-called."

Quotation & apostrophe
Quotation & apostrophe

In American English, double quotation marks are the primary style. If a writer needs to nest a quote inside another, they use single marks.

Quotation & apostrophe
Quotation & apostrophe

British publishing is often more flexible regarding the use of single or double marks.

There are two main typographic classifications for these marks. The first type is known as straight or vertical marks. These are also called typewriter or ASCII marks. They are identical on both sides and are the standard on most QWERTY keyboards. The second type is known as curly, curved, or smart quotation marks. These marks look like small commas. The opening mark often looks like an inverted comma.

Quotation marks and similar signs
Quotation marks and similar signs

While keyboards often produce straight marks, many word-processing programs use "smart quotes" to convert them into curly ones automatically.

The history of these marks traces back to ancient practices. The single quotation mark can be linked to the Greek practice of using a symbol called a diplé. This symbol resembled a right-angle bracket.

Guillemets (Imprimerie nationale, 1934)
Guillemets (Imprimerie nationale, 1934)

In the fifteenth century, double quotation marks grew from marginal notations. These were marks placed in the outside margin to show a passage was important. In 1483 or 1484, the humanist Francesco Filelfo used oblique double dashes in the margins of his edition of Aristotle. By the seventeenth century, these marks moved from the margins to the beginning and end of quoted text.

Regional differences have created a diverse landscape of quotation styles. In Western Europe, marks often curve outward. In Britain, these marks were traditionally elevated to the height of capital letters.

Quotation marks and similar signs
Quotation marks and similar signs

By the end of the nineteenth century, France adopted an angular shape called guillemets.

Guillemets & apostrophe
Guillemets & apostrophe

Some believe this was to distinguish them from commas or apostrophes. Others argue it was an aesthetic choice to avoid extra white space. In Central Europe, marks often point inward. The German tradition frequently uses curved marks that align with commas and apostrophes.

Different languages follow specific rules for placement and spacing. In France, writers often insert narrow spaces between the marks and the words. In Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, angular marks are used for printed text, while curved marks are used for handwriting.

In North American printing, commas and periods are usually placed inside the closing quotation mark. This rule applies even if the punctuation was not part of the original quote. Other styles vary widely based on individual "house styles" or regional traditions.

Understanding quotation marks reveals how typography connects to technology and culture. The shift from manual typesetting to steam-powered presses in the mid-19th century helped create distinct publishing norms. For example, the rise of London and New York as industrial centers influenced different English styles. Today, the way we use these marks is shaped by both historical tradition and modern computer software. They remain a vital tool for clarity in every written language.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Guillemets (Imprimerie nationale, 1934).png
Guillemets (Imprimerie nationale, 1934).png
File:Quotation & apostrophe.svg
Quotation & apostrophe.svg
File:Guillemets & apostrophe.svg
Guillemets & apostrophe.svg
File:Quotation & spaces.svg
Quotation & spaces.svg
File:Quotation marks and similar signs.svg
Quotation marks and similar signs.svg
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