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College basketball

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College basketball is a sport played by student-athletes representing universities and colleges. It is a complex system of competition governed by several national affiliation organizations. These include the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), and the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA). Other groups include the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) and the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA). These organizations often divide teams into different levels called divisions. Divisions are usually based on the number of scholarships a school can provide to its athletes.

College basketball division 1 teams
College basketball division 1 teams

Most teams belong to a group called a conference. Conferences are collections of schools that play regular schedules against one another. Historically, schools chose conferences based on geographic proximity. Being close to fellow members helps minimize travel costs and builds local rivalries. It also helps media rights because fans in the same time zone can watch road games easily. Some conferences are formed based on institutional compatibility. For example, all members of the West Coast Conference are Christian colleges in the Pacific Time Zone. The Ivy League consists of Northeast schools with high academic standards. They often schedule games on Fridays and Saturdays to protect student-athlete study time.

Since the 1990s, conference membership has changed significantly in NCAA Division I. Schools now prioritize lucrative media rights deals and competitive football programs. This movement often creates a domino effect across the sport. When one school leaves a conference, it may trigger a chain reaction of recruitment. This can make smaller conferences less stable. To stay competitive, some small conferences recruit Division II teams to help them transition to Division I. This transition period generally takes at least three years under rules revised in 2025.

Cbdii
Cbdii

Some teams choose to play as independents rather than joining a conference. Chicago State is a recent example of a Division I team that played as an independent before joining the Northeast Conference in 2024. Being an independent can be difficult because finding opponents is hard during the late season. Independent teams also lack an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. They must be selected at-large to participate in the tournament.

NAIA DI bb map
NAIA DI bb map

Conference play typically concludes with a conference tournament. The regular-season standings usually determine which teams qualify and how they are seeded. However, the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) used a different method for its 2023 and 2024 tournaments. They used a formulaic ranking based on strength of performance against non-conference opponents. By 2025, the WAC returned to using regular-season standings for seeding. The winner of a conference tournament often receives an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament.

NAIA DII bb map
NAIA DII bb map

Basketball was invented by James Naismith in 1891. He was a physical education teacher at a YMCA training school in Springfield, Massachusetts. He wanted a safe game to keep athletes in shape during the winter. The first formal game under his rules occurred on December 21, 1891. By 1893, colleges began playing the sport. Vanderbilt University played its first game against a YMCA in 1893. The first game between two colleges happened in 1894 between Drexel Institute and Temple College. At that time, rules allowed nine players per side.

Allen Fieldhouse, April 23rd 2021
Allen Fieldhouse, April 23rd 2021

Post-season tournaments have a long history in college basketball. The first tournament exclusively for college teams was held in 1922. Wabash College won that inaugural event. In 1937, the NAIA began hosting a national championship. Soon after, the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) became very prestigious. The first NIT championship in 1938 saw Temple defeat Colorado. In 1939, the NCAA implemented its own tournament. While the NIT was initially more popular due to New York media coverage, the NCAA tournament eventually became the more dominant competition.

1938 NIT program
1938 NIT program
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Defense.gov photo essay 120112-D-VO565-015.jpg
File:Allen Fieldhouse, April 23rd 2021.png
Allen Fieldhouse, April 23rd 2021.png
File:1938 NIT program.jpg
1938 NIT program.jpg
File:College basketball division 1 teams.png
College basketball division 1 teams.png
File:Cbdii.PNG
Cbdii.PNG
File:NAIA DI bb map.png
NAIA DI bb map.png
File:NAIA DII bb map.png
NAIA DII bb map.png
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