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Celesta

arts Maturity 7-9 Next article →

The celesta, also known as the celeste or bell-piano, is a struck idiophone played via a keyboard.

Celesta Schiedmayer mechanism 2
Celesta Schiedmayer mechanism 2

An idiophone is an instrument that creates sound through the vibration of its own body. The celesta is prized for its delicate, bell-like timbre, which is much softer and more subtle than a glockenspiel. This quality inspired its name, "celeste," which means "heavenly" in French. While it belongs to the percussion family, orchestral musicians often categorize it as a keyboard instrument. Because its sound is so soft, it is rarely used for full ensemble sections. Instead, it often enhances melody lines played by flutes, harps, or pianos.

Celesta Schiedmayer mechanism
Celesta Schiedmayer mechanism

The mechanism of the celesta involves a precise sequence of physical actions.

Celesta Schiedmayer mechanism
Celesta Schiedmayer mechanism

When a musician presses a key, it activates a hammer inside the instrument's cabinet. These hammers strike a graduated set of metal plates or bars, which are typically made of steel. These metal plates are suspended over wooden resonators to amplify the sound. In four- or five-octave models, a damper pedal allows the player to sustain or stop the notes. However, smaller three-octave tabletop models do not include a pedal due to their compact design. The instrument is also transposing, meaning it sounds one octave higher than the pitch written on the sheet music.

Celesta models vary in size and range to suit different musical needs.

Celesta Schiedmayer Studio open backview
Celesta Schiedmayer Studio open backview

Some instruments offer a range of only three octaves, while others reach five and a half octaves. A standard four-octave instrument generally spans from C4 to C8. This range includes a fundamental frequency of 4186 Hz, making it one of the highest pitches used in common music. Historically, the original French instruments featured a five-octave range. The lowest octave was eventually removed because it was considered unsatisfactory. However, as manufacturing technology improved, that lowest octave was eventually added back into newer models. Today, the larger five-octave German model is gradually replacing the standard French four-octave version in symphony orchestras.

The history of the celesta begins with the Mustel family in France.

Celesta Schiedmayer mechanism
Celesta Schiedmayer mechanism

Auguste Mustel invented the celesta in 1886 in Paris. He was a builder of harmoniums, a type of keyboard instrument. His father, Charles Victor Mustel, had previously developed the typophone in 1860. The typophone produced sound by striking tuning forks rather than metal plates. A similar instrument called the dulcitone was developed at the same time in Scotland. Both the typophone and the dulcitone suffered from low volume, making them difficult to hear in large orchestras. The celesta's design successfully addressed this limitation, allowing it to be heard more clearly.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was the first major composer to utilize the celesta within a full symphony orchestra.

He first employed it in his symphonic poem, "The Voyevoda," which premiered in November 1891. A year later, he used it in his famous ballet, "The Nutcracker." Specifically, he wrote the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" to meet a request from Balletmaster Marius Petipa. Petipa wanted the music to sound like "drops of water shooting out of fountains." While Tchaikovsky is the most famous user, Ernest Chausson actually used the celesta in 1888 for his incidental music for "La tempête." Other notable classical composers include Gustav Mahler, Gustav Holst, Béla Bartók, and Dmitri Shostakovich.

Beyond classical music, the celesta has a significant presence in jazz and popular culture.

In jazz, pianists like Earl Hines, Duke Ellington, and Thelonious Monk have used the instrument. The use of the celesta in jazz eventually declined as the vibraphone became more popular. In rock and pop, the instrument appears in songs by The Beatles, Pink Floyd, and Stevie Wonder. It is also a staple of cinema soundtracks. It provides a whimsical atmosphere in the 1940 film "Pinocchio" and the 1971 film "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory." It is also famous for the "Hedwig's Theme" in the "Harry Potter" films.

Today, the manufacturing of the celesta is a specialized field.

Celesta Schiedmayer Studio open backview
Celesta Schiedmayer Studio open backview

Schiedmayer claims to be the only manufacturer in the world that follows the original patent of A. Mustel. However, Yamaha also states that they have manufactured celestas since 1992. If an orchestra does not have a real celesta, musicians often use substitutes. These substitutes can include a piano, a synthesizer, or a digital sampler. Regardless of how it is played, the celesta remains a vital tool for adding shimmer and magic to musical compositions.

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File:Celesta Schiedmayer mechanism.gif
Celesta Schiedmayer mechanism.gif
Чайковский Танец Феи Драже из балета...
File:Celesta Schiedmayer mechanism 2.jpg
Celesta Schiedmayer mechanism 2.jpg
File:Celesta Schiedmayer Studio open backview.jpg
Celesta Schiedmayer Studio open backview.jpg
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