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Vibraphone

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The vibraphone, often called the vibraharp, is a percussion instrument in the metallophone family.

Vibraphone overhead with mallets
Vibraphone overhead with mallets

It consists of tuned metal bars that a musician strikes with mallets. A person who plays this instrument is known as a vibraphonist, a vibraharpist, or a vibist. The vibraphone is highly valued for its ability to produce a shimmering, sustaining sound. It plays a featured role in jazz music and is a standard part of modern percussion sections. You can find it in orchestras, concert bands, and marching arts ensembles.

Lionel Hampton, Aquarium, New York, ca. June 1946 (William P. Gottlieb 03841)
Lionel Hampton, Aquarium, New York, ca. June 1946 (William P. Gottlieb 03841)

To understand how it works, one must look at the relationship between the bars and the resonators. Each metal bar suspends over a resonator tube, which is a thin-walled tube made of aluminum.

Vibraphone bar
Vibraphone bar

These tubes are open at one end and closed at the other. When a bar is struck, the vibrating air travels down the resonator and reflects off the bottom. This creates a standing wave that increases the amplitude, or loudness, of the fundamental frequency. This process helps the vibraphone achieve a much longer sustain than other mallet instruments. However, makers often tune resonators slightly off-pitch to balance loudness with the length of the ring.

The vibraphone is famous for its namesake tremolo or vibrato effect. This effect is created by small metal discs, called fans, attached to the resonator tubes.

Vibraphone motor
Vibraphone motor

These discs are connected to a common axle that is driven by an electric motor beneath the instrument. When the motor is turned on, the fans rotate. This rotation partially occludes the resonators, which causes the sound to pulse. This creates the beautiful, shaking quality that gives the vibraphone its name. Some modern versions, like the ElectraVibe, use electronic preamplifiers to create this effect instead of physical tubes.

Musicians control the duration of the notes using a sustain pedal, similar to a piano pedal.

Vibraphone bar
Vibraphone bar

When the pedal is up, the instrument produces a muted sound. When the player presses the pedal down, the bars are allowed to sustain for several seconds. This mechanism was a major improvement in the instrument's history. The modern design also uses specific mallets to change the timbre, or tone quality. Mallets consist of a rubber core wrapped in yarn or cord on a shaft of rattan or birch. These can produce anything from a bright metallic clang to a mellow, soft ring.

The history of the vibraphone began with experiments in the early 20th century. Around 1916, Herman Winterhoff of the Leedy Manufacturing Company experimented with effects on a steel marimba. In 1921, he perfected a design using a motor to rotate discs. This led to the marketing of the Leedy vibraphone in 1924.

1928IntlMusicianDeaganVibeAd
1928IntlMusicianDeaganVibeAd

However, these early models used steel bars and lacked a pedal. In 1927, Henry Schluter of J. C. Deagan, Inc. developed a superior version. Schluter used aluminum bars for a mellower tone and introduced the foot-controlled damper bar. This design became the template for all modern vibraphones.

Construction of the bars requires immense precision to ensure they are perfectly in tune.

Vibraphone bar
Vibraphone bar

Makers start with aluminum bar stock and drill holes at the nodal points. These are the points of minimum amplitude where the bar vibrates the least. For a uniform bar, these points are located 22.4% from each end. To lower the pitch, material is ground away from the underside in a deep arch shape. This arch also helps the vibrations align to create a consonant arrangement of intervals. The bars are then fine-tuned by removing tiny amounts of metal from the ends or specific locations.

In terms of scale, the standard modern vibraphone has a range of three octaves. This typically spans from the F below middle C to the F above it.

Vibraphone range
Vibraphone range

Some larger models offer a four-octave range starting from C. The instrument is also tuned to specific frequencies, often A = 440 Hz or A = 442 Hz. The slightly sharper 442 Hz tuning helps the instrument cut through a large musical ensemble. Because of its versatility, the vibraphone connects many musical worlds. It transitioned from a novelty instrument in vaudeville to a cornerstone of jazz and a respected tool in classical music.

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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Vibraphone range.svg
Vibraphone range.svg
File:1928IntlMusicianDeaganVibeAd.jpg
1928IntlMusicianDeaganVibeAd.jpg
File:Lionel Hampton, Aquarium, New York, ca. June 1946 (William P. Gottlieb 03841).jpg
Lionel Hampton, Aquarium, New York, ca....
File:Vibraphone overhead with mallets.jpg
Vibraphone overhead with mallets.jpg
File:Vibraphone bar.jpg
Vibraphone bar.jpg
File:Vibraphone motor.jpg
Vibraphone motor.jpg
File:Milt_Jackson_07.jpg
Milt_Jackson_07.jpg
Vibraphone Orchestra, early 1940s.ogg
File:Gary-burton-and-julian-lage.jpg
Gary-burton-and-julian-lage.jpg
File:P1680535 6. Hörfest Neue Musik (Detmold) - Epilog (21915945046).jpg
P1680535 6. Hörfest Neue Musik (Detmold)...
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