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Can-can

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The can-can is a high-energy, physically demanding dance. It first became a popular music-hall dance during the 1840s. Today, it remains a famous part of French cabaret culture. While the dance was originally performed by couples, it is now traditionally associated with a chorus line of female dancers.

Lautrec la troupe de mlle eglantine (poster) 1895-6
Lautrec la troupe de mlle eglantine (poster) 1895-6

This dance is celebrated for its vigor and athletic skill. It serves as a symbol of lively Parisian entertainment.

Performing the can-can requires many specific, intense movements. Dancers use vigorous manipulation of their skirts and petticoats to add energy. One primary move is the battement, which is a high kick. Another is the chahut, a quick rotary movement of the lower leg with the knee raised. Dancers also perform the cabriole, where they turn on one leg while grasping the other ankle vertically. Other athletic feats include cartwheels and the grand écart, which is a flying or jump split.

Georges Seurat, 1889-90, Le Chahut, oil on canvas, 170 x 141 cm, Kröller-Müller Museum
Georges Seurat, 1889-90, Le Chahut, oil on canvas, 170 x 141 cm, Kröller-Müller Museum

It is also common for performers to scream or yelp during these routines.

There are different styles of the dance depending on the era and location. The original version was often danced by individuals or small groups in social settings. Later, the professional stage version emerged with highly paid stars. In the 1920s, choreographer Pierre Sandrini developed the "French Cancan." This was a highly choreographed routine that lasted ten minutes or more. It combined individual Parisian styles with the chorus-line style used in British and American music halls. This version allowed individuals to show off their own specialities within a large group.

Historians believe the can-can evolved from the final figure of the quadrille. The quadrille was a social dance for four or more couples. The exact origins remain obscure, but some suggest a connection to Charles-François Mazurier. He was a famous mime and acrobat in the 1820s. Mazurier was well known for his grand écart, or jump splits, in his 1825 success, Jocko.

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 031
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 031

In the 1830s, the dance was often performed by groups of men, especially students, in public dance-halls.

The dance has a complex social history regarding its reception. In the 19th century, the dance was often considered scandalous. This was partly because women wore pantalettes with an open crotch. The high kicks were seen as intentionally revealing. While some accounts claim the dance was banned, there is no record of an official ban. However, people dancing the can-can were occasionally arrested. By the 1890s, professional dancers like La Goulue and Jane Avril became famous stars. They earned high pay for performing at the Moulin Rouge. Valentin le Désossé was a prominent male dancer and a frequent partner to La Goulue.

The can-can has spread globally and influenced many different fields. It arrived in America on December 23, 1867, at the Theatre Comique in Boston. While it left New York dance halls by the 1890s, it remained popular in Alaska and the Yukon. The dance has also deeply influenced the arts. Jacques Offenbach wrote famous music for it in his 1858 operetta, Orpheus in the Underworld. Painters like Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Georges Seurat, and Pablo Picasso captured the dance in their art.

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 031
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 031

It even appears in modern media, from the film Moulin Rouge! to Disney Parks' "It's a Small World" ride.

Beyond the stage, the can-can connects to broader musical and cinematic traditions. Composers like Franz Lehár and Cole Porter have utilized its spirit in operettas and musicals. The dance has been featured in ballets by Léonide Massine and in various film productions. Even modern anime series like Fairy Tail have used can-can music as a theme. This shows how a single dance style can move through history, changing from a social activity into a global cultural icon.

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🖼️ Images & Media (3)
File:Lautrec la troupe de mlle eglantine (poster) 1895-6.jpg
Lautrec la troupe de mlle eglantine...
File:Georges Seurat, 1889-90, Le Chahut, oil on canvas, 170 x 141 cm, Kröller-Müller Museum.jpeg
Georges Seurat, 1889-90, Le Chahut, oil...
File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 031.jpg
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 031.jpg
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