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Book of Wisdom

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The Book of Wisdom is a significant religious text. It is also known as the Wisdom of Solomon. This book belongs to a group of seven sapiential books. Sapiential means "wisdom" books. These seven books are found in the Septuagint. The other books in this group include the Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Job, and the Wisdom of Sirach.

Sapientia
Sapientia

The book is considered deuterocanonical by many groups. This means it is included in the canons of major non-Protestant Christian churches. However, most Protestant groups classify it as part of the biblical apocrypha. It is not included in the Rabbinic Jewish canon.

The text explores the nature of wisdom through two main lenses. First, it views wisdom as a gift from God. This gift provides the perfection of knowledge for righteous people. Second, it views wisdom as an eternal aspect of God. In this sense, wisdom has existed with God from all eternity. The book is structured into 19 chapters. These chapters are divided into three distinct sections. The first section is a book of eschatology. It includes an exhortation to justice and a speech by the impious. It also compares the wicked to the just.

Book of Wisdom Belarusian Skaryna
Book of Wisdom Belarusian Skaryna

The second section is the Book of Wisdom. It features a speech by Solomon regarding wisdom, wealth, and power. In this part, Solomon describes his search for wisdom. The third section is the Book of History. This section begins with an introduction and follows with diptychs of plagues. It includes a digression on God's power and mercy. It also discusses false worship and further plagues. The section ends with a recapitulation and a concluding doxology. This structure helps the reader move from abstract ideas to historical examples.

Scholars have debated the exact origins of the text. Most agree an Alexandrian Jewish author wrote it in Greek. The author likely lived in Alexandria, Egypt. Most scholars date the work to the first century BC. This is based on the themes and concerns within the text. However, some scholars propose different dates. One suggests a date during the reign of Caligula, from 37 to 41 AD. Another suggests a date in the second century BC. Some researchers place it between 31 and 10 BC. Others suggest it was written around 37 to 41 AD. This uncertainty exists because there are no clear allusions to specific historical events.

Evidence from the language helps narrow down the time of writing. A researcher noted thirty-five Greek words used in the book. These words were not found in other Greek literature before the first century AD. This supports a date near the turn of the era. The book also shows a blend of Jewish and Greek features. This suggests a learned Hellenistic background. The author uses Egyptian imagery to describe Wisdom. He describes Wisdom as a divine female figure. This resembles the Egyptian goddess Isis. The text also shows a strong interest in Egypt during its third section. It uses the Exodus story to show how God helps his people.

The history of the book's status is quite complex. In the 2nd century AD, Origen expressed uncertainty about the book. Later, Augustine and Pope Innocent I considered it part of the Old Testament. Many religious councils listed it as canonical. These include the Council of Rome in 382 and the Council of Carthage in 397 and 419. The Council of Florence in 1442 also recognized it. The Council of Trent in 1546 is another important date. Today, the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches regard it as scripture. However, John of Damascus noted it was considered "virtuous and noble" but not placed in the ark.

The Book of Wisdom connects to many other fields of thought. It shares similarities with the Greek genre of "exhortatory discourse." This is a type of speech where a teacher tries to persuade others. The book also draws on the language of the philosopher Plato. It discusses how the physical body can burden the soul. This connection between Jewish and Greek thought is very clear. Even the author Herman Melville noticed this interplay. He felt the book was partly Mosaic and partly Platonic. The text also relates to the New Testament. While not quoted directly, it shares themes with the Gospel of Matthew and the Epistle to the Hebrews.

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