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Amharic

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Amharic is a major Ethio-Semitic language within the larger Afroasiatic family. It serves as a vital lingua franca, which is a common language used by different groups to communicate. In Ethiopia, it is the official working language of the federal government. It is also used by several federal regions. Amharic is the most widely spoken language in Ethiopia. It is also the second most spoken Semitic language globally, following only Arabic.

Amharic Coca Cola bottle
Amharic Coca Cola bottle

The writing system for Amharic is known as an abugida. This is a segmental writing system where consonant-vowel sequences are written as single units. The individual characters are called fidels, meaning "letter." This script is a modified version of the older Geʽez script.

Ethiopian Air aircraft showing Ethiopic script
Ethiopian Air aircraft showing Ethiopic script

Amharic is written from left to right. The alphabet consists of 34 basic characters. Each character has seven distinct forms depending on the vowel being pronounced. There are also 49 "wa" letters for compound sounds. In total, the alphabet contains approximately 280 letters.

Amharic vowel chart
Amharic vowel chart

Amharic has a deep and complex history in the Ethiopian highlands. It has been the language of the military, trade, and courts since the late 12th century. Historically, Amhara nobles supported the Zagwe prince Lalibela. This support helped establish Amharic as the "Lisane Negus," or the tongue of the king. Some historians trace the use of the language in royal courts to the Emperor Yekuno Amlak. Over time, the language evolved from its Proto-Ethio-Semitic roots. It developed a large Cushitic substratum, which means it was influenced by the languages of local populations.

The language is characterized by specific sounds called ejective consonants. These are produced by popping air out of the throat. In Ethiopian traditions, these are often marked with a dot below the letter. Amharic also uses gemination, which is the lengthening of a consonant. This length can change the meaning of a word. For example, the length of a consonant can distinguish between "he said" and "there is." While gemination is not written in the script, readers understand it through context.

Today, Amharic has a massive global presence. In 2020, there were over 33.7 million native speakers in Ethiopia. Of these, 31 million are ethnically Amhara. In 2019, there were more than 25.1 million second-language speakers. This brings the total number of speakers to over 58.8 million. Additionally, about 3 million people speak Amharic outside of Ethiopia. This makes it a significant language for the Ethiopian diaspora.

There are also unique variations of the language. The Beta Israel, who are Ethiopian Jews, speak a dialect called Jewish Amharic or Judeo-Amharic. This dialect replaced many Christian phrases with Jewish ones. For instance, instead of saying "Mary's horses," they might say "Moses's horses" to describe a grasshopper. This variety has also been influenced by Modern Hebrew. Currently, Jewish Amharic is declining as many Beta Israel members transition to speaking Hebrew.

Amharic connects to many different cultural and religious systems. It is considered a holy language by the Rastafari religion. Followers of Rastafari use the language in their worship worldwide. The language is also closely related to Geʽez, the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. While Amharic is a South Ethio-Semitic language, Geʽez belongs to the North Ethio-Semitic branch. This linguistic relationship shows how the language is tied to the religious history of the region.

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🖼️ Images & Media (4)
File:Ethiopian anthem (since 1992) in amharic.jpg
Ethiopian anthem (since 1992) in amharic.jpg
File:Amharic vowel chart.svg
Amharic vowel chart.svg
File:Ethiopian Air aircraft showing Ethiopic script.jpg
Ethiopian Air aircraft showing Ethiopic script.jpg
File:Amharic Coca Cola bottle.jpg
Amharic Coca Cola bottle.jpg
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