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AM broadcasting

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AM broadcasting is a method of radio communication that uses amplitude modulation. This technique allows for the transmission of audio signals, such as speech and music, through the air via radio waves. It was the very first method developed for making audio radio transmissions. Today, it remains in use worldwide. Most AM transmissions occur on the medium wave band. However, the technology is also used on longwave and shortwave radio bands.

DRM-Frequenzbereiche
DRM-Frequenzbereiche

To understand how AM works, we must look at the process of modulation. Early radio technology used spark-gap transmitters to send Morse code. These produced discontinuous pulses known as damped waves. These waves were impractical for carrying clear audio. An inventor named Reginald Fessenden realized that a steady signal was required. He sought to create continuous wave transmissions. By using a high-speed alternator, he could generate steady waves. He then used a carbon microphone to modulate the carrier wave. Modulation means changing the strength of the wave to reflect sound. This allows the wave to carry audio information to a receiver.

Musical Concert by Wireless Telephone (scan) - 23JUL1912
Musical Concert by Wireless Telephone (scan) - 23JUL1912

The development of AM technology involved several important stages and components. Initially, researchers used high-frequency spark transmitters as a temporary measure. Fessenden found that higher spark rates produced waves closer to continuous waves. Later, the development of the alternator-transmitter provided a more stable solution. This machine used an alternating-current dynamo to produce pure sine waves. In 1906, Ernst F. W. Alexanderson improved this model. His version operated at a frequency of approximately 50 kHz. Although it was low power, it successfully transmitted quality audio signals.

15JUN1920 Melba radio broadcast
15JUN1920 Melba radio broadcast

The history of broadcasting is marked by several key milestones and inventors. In 1901, Fessenden applied for a patent for his continuous-wave method. In the fall of 1900, he reportedly transmitted speech over 1.6 kilometers. This is considered one of the first successful audio transmissions using radio signals. On December 21, 1906, Fessenden conducted a major demonstration in Brant Rock, Massachusetts. He transmitted speech 18 kilometers to a site in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Widespread broadcasting did not truly begin until the 1920s. This was made possible by the invention of vacuum tube receivers and transmitters.

De Forest xmtr broadcasting presidential election Nov 1916
De Forest xmtr broadcasting presidential election Nov 1916

AM radio experienced a period of immense influence known as the "Golden Age of Radio." This era lasted for approximately 30 years. During this time, AM was the dominant method for broadcasting. It remained the primary medium until the 1950s. At that time, television broadcasting became widespread. Television began to take much of the programming that previously belonged to radio. Since then, AM audiences have declined significantly. They face heavy competition from FM radio and digital radio. Other competitors include satellite radio, internet radio, music streaming, and podcasting.

Crystal radio advertisement
Crystal radio advertisement

AM broadcasting has specific technical characteristics that affect its use today. Transmitting AM signals can be more expensive than FM or digital transmissions. This is because stations must transmit a high power carrier wave. This high power is necessary to overcome ground losses. Additionally, the low broadcast frequencies require very large antenna radiators. Despite these costs, AM has a unique advantage. Signals can be sent over very long distances at night. This happens because the waves can travel via the ionosphere.

20111110-OC-AMW-0038 - Flickr - USDAgov (1)
20111110-OC-AMW-0038 - Flickr - USDAgov (1)

Because of its technical nature, AM radio is often used for specific types of content. AM transmissions are more susceptible to interference than other methods. They also often have lower audio fidelity, which refers to sound quality. Because of this, music formats are usually reserved for FM and digital stations. Most AM broadcasters now specialize in spoken-word formats. Common examples include talk radio, all-news radio, and sports radio. This allows the medium to remain useful even in a world of high-fidelity digital sound.

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Hdradio-logo
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🖼️ Images & Media (14)
File:DRM-Frequenzbereiche.png
DRM-Frequenzbereiche.png
File:De Forest xmtr broadcasting presidential election Nov 1916.jpg
De Forest xmtr broadcasting presidential...
File:15JUN1920 Melba radio broadcast.jpg
15JUN1920 Melba radio broadcast.jpg
File:20111110-OC-AMW-0038 - Flickr - USDAgov (1).jpg
20111110-OC-AMW-0038 - Flickr - USDAgov (1).jpg
File:Crystal radio advertisement.png
Crystal radio advertisement.png
File:Vintage Zenith Console Radio, Model 12S-568, With the Zenith Robot (or Shutter) Dial, Circa 1941 (8655513293).jpg
Vintage Zenith Console Radio, Model...
File:Musical Concert by Wireless Telephone (scan) - 23JUL1912.jpg
Musical Concert by Wireless Telephone...
File:German Post Office subscription radio receiver 1923.jpg
German Post Office subscription radio...
File:Broadcasting a radio play at NBC studio.jpg
Broadcasting a radio play at NBC studio.jpg
File:BBC receiver license 1923.jpg
BBC receiver license 1923.jpg
File:Radio copyright problem cartoon - Radio News May 1925.png
Radio copyright problem cartoon - Radio...
File:AMAX radio receiver certification logo.gif
AMAX radio receiver certification logo.gif

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