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Radio broadcasting

technology Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Radio broadcasting is the process of transmitting signals across wide areas. These signals are most often audio, such as music, news, or speech. To hear these sounds, a person must use a broadcast radio receiver.

Radio Transmission Diagram en
Radio Transmission Diagram en

Most broadcasts are terrestrial, meaning they come from transmitters located on land. Other signals come from satellites orbiting the Earth. Radio stations may create their own unique programming. They can also join a network to share content through syndication or simulcasting.

There are two primary transmission technologies used today: analog and digital. Analog radio uses modulation to carry sound. One method is amplitude modulation, or AM. Another method is frequency modulation, or FM. Digital radio uses different audio standards to transmit information. These include Digital Audio Broadcasting, known as DAB. Other digital standards include HD Radio and Digital Radio Mondiale, or DRM.

Radio Transmission Diagram en
Radio Transmission Diagram en

Before modern radio, electronic distribution was very limited. The telegraph was an early method used to send information. For example, "tickers" distributed stock price information to users. Some people also paid for time signal subscriptions. After the telephone was invented, the concept of audio broadcasting began to grow. In Europe, some used "telephone newspapers" to provide news to subscribers. These systems could charge individual customers for service. However, they could not amplify signals. This meant their range was limited to a single municipality.

Control room and radio studio in Fabianinkatu headquarters of Yleisradio, ca 1938
Control room and radio studio in Fabianinkatu headquarters of Yleisradio, ca 1938

Early inventors saw the potential for wireless transmission. In 1902, Nathan Stubblefield developed wireless transmissions using ground conduction. He imagined a future where anyone with a receiver could hear weather news. Early radio stations often sent radiotelegraphy dots and dashes using Morse code. These signals provided time signals and weather reports. Because it was hard to collect fees from listeners, national governments often operated these stations. For instance, the U.S. Navy began broadcasting daily signals in 1904. In 1907, a Canadian Marconi station in Nova Scotia also sent time signals. In Europe, the Eiffel Tower in Paris transmitted signals across the continent.

Tyholt taarnet
Tyholt taarnet

Developing audio broadcasting required new technology. Early experimenters used high-frequency spark, alternator, and arc transmitters. However, widespread audio broadcasting only became practical with the vacuum-tube transmitter. A vacuum tube, also called a valve, allowed for much better signal control. Reginald Fessenden demonstrated audio transmissions in 1906 using an alternator transmitter. He claimed to broadcast music on Christmas Eve, 1906. While research has not confirmed the extent of his reach, he is a key figure. Lee de Forest also made major contributions using an arc transmitter. In 1907, he transmitted music from his laboratory in New York City.

Control room and radio studio in Fabianinkatu headquarters of Yleisradio, ca 1938
Control room and radio studio in Fabianinkatu headquarters of Yleisradio, ca 1938

After World War I, civilian radio development grew rapidly. In 1919, Hans Idzerda’s station, PCGG, began broadcasting in the Netherlands. It used narrow-band FM, making it likely the first commercial station. In 1920, Radio Argentina began regular transmissions from Buenos Aires. This station broadcast opera for 19 days in its early period. In Canada, the XWA station in Montreal began weekly broadcasts in 1920. The United Kingdom also saw entertainment radio emerge in 1920. Soprano Dame Nellie Melba was the first international star to broadcast in England. However, the Post Office later banned these broadcasts because they interfered with military signals.

World Family of Radio Maria
World Family of Radio Maria

Radio has become a global system for communication. In the United States, the Detroit News began daily broadcasts in 1920. This station later became WWJ and claimed to be the start of commercial radio. Lee de Forest also moved his operations to San Francisco. He described his station, 6XC, as the first devoted solely to public broadcasting. Today, radio connects people through many different technologies. It links local communities to global events through the airwaves.

Radio Libertaire 3
Radio Libertaire 3
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File:Tyholt taarnet.jpg
Tyholt taarnet.jpg
File:Control room and radio studio in Fabianinkatu headquarters of Yleisradio, ca 1938.jpg
Control room and radio studio in...
File:Radio Libertaire 3.jpg
Radio Libertaire 3.jpg
File:Radio Transmission Diagram en.svg
Radio Transmission Diagram en.svg
File:World Family of Radio Maria.png
World Family of Radio Maria.png
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