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Alternative education

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Alternative education refers to educational philosophies that differ from mainstream pedagogy. Mainstream pedagogy is the standard way most schools teach students. Alternative learning environments offer different paths for students to grow. These settings can be found in state schools, charter schools, or independent schools. Some students also learn through home-based environments. Many of these schools emphasize small class sizes and close relationships between teachers and students. They often aim to build a strong sense of community.

These educational models often use a holistic approach. Holistic means looking at the whole person rather than just their grades. This includes a student's moral, spiritual, emotional, psychological, and physical development. Educators use different structures to achieve this. For example, some use an open classroom where students have more movement. Others use specific curricula, such as the Montessori or Waldorf methods. Quaker and free schools also use unique teacher-student relationships.

Alternative education arose as a response to standardized and compulsory education. Over the last two to three centuries, people sought ways to move beyond rigid systems. Many famous thinkers led this change. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi were early influential figures. In the United States, the Transcendentalists, including Henry David Thoreau, held unique views. Later, John Dewey and Francis Parker became founders of progressive education. Pioneers like Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner also shaped these methods.

In Canada, alternative education stems from two main philosophical traditions. The first is the Progressive tradition. This focuses on matching teaching to the stages of child development. It uses planned experiential learning to help children integrate into society. The second is the Libertarian tradition. This focuses on the rights of parents and children to make their own choices. It emphasizes individual freedom and the innate goodness of the child. This tradition often stands against social conformity.

Different countries have implemented these ideas in various ways. In India, some people use the ancient gurukula system. In a gurukula, students live with a guru, or teacher, to nurture creativity. In Japan, interest in alternative schools grew during the 1980s. This was partly due to issues like student bullying and social anxiety. Japan also introduced Special Zones for Structural Reform in 2003. These zones allow for government-accredited schools that provide alternative education.

In the United Kingdom, alternative provision is used to help students. Some centers, called Pupil Referral Units, help students who might be excluded from mainstream schools. These units are often run by local authorities. In the United States, alternative education exists in several categories. These include school choice, independent schools, and home-based education. In the 1980s, some U.S. programs also linked schooling with the workplace through cooperative ventures.

Researchers have looked for common elements in these different systems. Educator Ron Miller identified five specific elements common to alternatives. These include respect for the person and balance. He also noted the decentralization of authority. Furthermore, he mentioned noninterference among political, economic, and cultural spheres. Finally, he identified a holistic worldview as a key component. These elements help explain why these schools feel different from traditional ones.

Alternative education connects to broader ideas about individual rights and social systems. It challenges the idea that education must follow a "one size fits all" model. By offering different styles, it caters to individual interests and learning styles. Research suggests that a learner-responsible model can be more effective than a teacher-responsible one. This movement continues to evolve through new developments like the Charter School movement. These changes reflect a constant search for better ways to support human growth.

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