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Agriculture

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Agriculture is the practice of managing natural resources to produce essential commodities. These commodities include food, fibers, and fuels that maintain human life.

Centres of origin and spread of agriculture
Centres of origin and spread of agriculture

The term comes from the Latin words *ager*, meaning field, and *cultura*, meaning cultivation. It is a broad field that includes plant agriculture and animal husbandry. It also encompasses forestry and aquaculture, which is farming in water. This practice is vital because it allows for food surpluses. These surpluses enabled humans to move from wandering to living in permanent cities.

Agriculture works through many different biological and mechanical processes. Plant agriculture involves the cultivation of useful plants through soil management and planting. Animal agriculture focuses on the production and management of domesticated animals. Some people use shifting cultivation to grow crops in forest areas. In this method, farmers clear land by cutting and burning trees. They use the cleared patch until the soil becomes infertile. Then, they move to a new area to let the land recover.

Foodlogo2
Foodlogo2

There are several distinct types of agricultural systems used worldwide. Pastoralism is a method that involves managing domesticated animals. In nomadic pastoralism, herds move constantly to find fresh pasture and water. This is common in arid regions like the Sahara or Central Asia. Another method is monoculture, which is the large-scale growing of a single crop. Modern industrial agriculture often relies on these massive monocultures. Additionally, some indigenous groups practiced forest gardening. In North America, the "Three Sisters" system used companion planting. This involved growing winter squash, maize, and climbing beans together.

History shows that agriculture began independently in at least 11 different regions.

Centres of origin and spread of agriculture
Centres of origin and spread of agriculture

Humans gathered wild grains at least 105,000 years ago. However, true planting began only around 11,500 years ago. In China, rice was domesticated between 11,500 and 6,200 BC. In Mesopotamia, sheep were domesticated about 13,000 to 11,000 years ago. The Andes saw the domestication of potatoes between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago. These diverse origins allowed different civilizations to flourish. For example, the Sumerians used irrigation canals to farm the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

Modern agricultural production is defined by massive numbers and scales. Global production reaches approximately 11 billion tonnes of food every year. It also produces 32 million tonnes of natural fibers and 4 billion cubic meters of wood.

Agricultural output of China
Agricultural output of China

Farm sizes vary greatly across the globe. As of 2021, five out of every six farms are smaller than 2 hectares. These small farms produce about one-third of the world's food. In contrast, large farms dominate land use. Only 1% of farms are larger than 50 hectares. Yet, these large farms hold more than 70% of all farmland.

Agriculture share gdp, World, 2024 (cropped)
Agriculture share gdp, World, 2024 (cropped)

Technological revolutions have changed how we interact with the land. The British Agricultural Revolution introduced better irrigation and crop rotation. Later, the Haber-Bosch method allowed for the industrial production of ammonium nitrate fertilizer. This chemical advancement greatly increased crop yields. In the 20th century, mechanization began replacing human labor on many farms. Modern agronomy also uses plant breeding and agrochemicals like pesticides. These tools help sustain a growing global population. However, about 14% of the world's food is lost before it reaches retail levels.

While agriculture feeds the world, it also creates complex environmental challenges. Modern practices have contributed to climate change and deforestation. The use of intensive farming can lead to the depletion of aquifers, which are underground water sources. It can also cause soil degradation and a loss of biodiversity.

Employment in agriculture, forestry and fishing (2023)
Employment in agriculture, forestry and fishing (2023)

There are also concerns regarding animal welfare in intensive animal husbandry. Additionally, the use of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance. Agriculture is deeply connected to the health of our planet. It is both a cause of environmental change and a system that is sensitive to it.

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