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Agribusiness

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Agribusiness is a complex field of study and industry. It focuses on the value chains within agriculture and the bio-economy. Some experts also call this bio-business or bio-enterprise. The primary goal is to maximize profit for companies. At the same time, these businesses must satisfy consumer needs for natural resources. Agribusiness is much more than just farming. It includes forestry, fisheries, and biotechnology. It also covers the production of biofuels. This industry connects many different sectors into one large system.

The agribusiness system functions through several distinct sectors. First, the input sector provides necessary supplies. This includes seeds, fertilizers, and animal feed. It also includes irrigation and agricultural labor. Some people buy these through an agrocenter or a cooperative. Next is the production sector. This is where farming occurs using mechanization and labor. After production, the processing sector takes over. It involves primary processing and secondary processing of raw materials. Finally, the marketing sector moves goods to consumers. This can happen through farmers' markets or large retailers.

Researchers have identified unique characteristics in these supply chains. In 2012, Thomas L. Sporleder and Michael A. Boland studied these chains. They found seven main traits that set agribusiness apart from manufacturing. One trait is the risk caused by the biological nature of food. Another is the use of buffer stocks within the chain. Innovation in this field has shifted from chemistry to biology. Cyberspace and information technology also influence these chains. The market structure at the farm gate is often an oligopsony. This means a few buyers face many sellers. Finally, market power is shifting toward food retailers.

The concept of agribusiness has a deep history. The word first appeared in a Canadian Almanac in 1847. However, most people credit its modern creation to 1957. Two Harvard professors, John Davis and Ray Goldberg, coined it. They published a book titled "A Concept of Agribusiness." They argued for large-scale, corporate-driven agriculture. They believed this would reduce dependency on state politics. They explained that vertically integrated firms could control prices. These firms manage both production and distribution within the value chain.

Many scholars helped build the academic foundation of this field. In 1966, Ray Goldberg helped start an undergraduate program in the Philippines. This was at the UP College of Agriculture in Los Baños. Jose D. Drilon published a key book in 1971. His work became a foundation for agribusiness programs worldwide. In 1973, Drilon and Goldberg expanded the concept further. They included support organizations like governments and research institutions. They viewed these as part of an integrated system. This allowed the field to grow into a global science.

Agribusiness is a massive global force with significant economic impact. Successful businesses must be cost-efficient to stay competitive. They work to improve the productivity of land, labor, and capital. This helps them keep costs down for the market. In some places, like the Philippines, rules are very specific. Management of large enterprises requires consultation with registered agriculturists. This happens based on land area or the number of animals. The industry is also driven by transaction costs. As global warming becomes a concern, biofuels are growing in importance. This is driven by oil prices and energy security needs.

Today, the definition of agribusiness continues to expand. In 2017, Ray Goldberg included medicine, nutrition, and health. This was due to the rise of biotechnology and genetic engineering. The industry is also becoming more socially conscious. Many businesses now use a triple bottom line framework. This means they align with fair trade and organic practices. Some seek B-corporation certifications to show social entrepreneurship. This connects agribusiness to the broader goal of global sustainability. It is a system that links biology, economics, and human health.

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