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Yucatán Peninsula

geography Maturity 7-9 Next article →

The Yucatán Peninsula is a large landmass located in southeast Mexico. It also includes parts of Belize and Guatemala. To its north and west lies the Gulf of Mexico. The Caribbean Sea sits to the east. A narrow body of water called the Yucatán Channel connects these two areas. The peninsula sits on the Maya Block. This is the southernmost part of the North American plate. Some people consider the peninsula part of Central America. However, politically, the peninsula is part of North America.

Chichen Itza Mexico (125162451)
Chichen Itza Mexico (125162451)

The landscape of the peninsula is very flat. It is a karst landscape made mostly of limestone. Limestone is a type of porous rock. This means the rock has many tiny holes in it. Because the rock is so porous, there are almost no rivers on the surface in the north. Instead, the peninsula has a large underground water system called an aquifer. Fresh water floats in a layer on top of salty ocean water. People access this fresh water through sinkholes called cenotes. These cenotes have been vital for both ancient and modern Maya people.

Yucatan Cenotes (Mexico, December 2019) - 10 (50093204117)
Yucatan Cenotes (Mexico, December 2019) - 10 (50093204117)

A massive event shaped this land millions of years ago. About 66 million years ago, a giant asteroid struck the peninsula. The asteroid was between 10 and 15 kilometers in diameter. This impact happened at the end of the Cretaceous Period. It created a massive hole called the Chicxulub crater. This crater is located near the town of Chicxulub. Scientists believe this impact caused a mass extinction. It likely led to the end of the non-avian dinosaurs. The impact also released huge amounts of sulfur into the atmosphere.

Chicxulub impact - artist impression
Chicxulub impact - artist impression

You can still see the evidence of this ancient impact today. One way to see it is through a geologic structure called the Ring of Cenotes. This is a semi-circle of sinkholes. These sinkholes outline one of the shock-waves from the asteroid. Scientists also find impact debris in the area. This includes shocked quartz and tektites. Tektites are a type of glass formed during meteorite impacts.

Yucatan chix crater
Yucatan chix crater

The peninsula was once the center of the Maya Civilization. The Maya built many famous cities across the lowlands. You can still see ruins at Chichen Itza, Coba, Tulum, and Uxmal.

Chichen Itza 3
Chichen Itza 3

In the 9th century, the central Maya region faced a political collapse. This led to civil wars and the abandonment of many cities. Later, the Spanish arrived to conquer the region. The Maya resisted for almost two centuries. Today, many people in the area are of Maya descent. Many still speak Mayan languages.

Mérida, Yucatán from the 16th floor of Hyatt
Mérida, Yucatán from the 16th floor of Hyatt

The climate varies depending on where you are on the peninsula. The northwest is semi-arid and quite dry. The south is much more humid. The southern part contains evergreen rainforests. The middle and eastern parts have moist forests. In these areas, some trees lose their leaves during the dry season. The coast features many mangroves. The eastern coast also has the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System.

Sediment off the Yucatan Peninsula
Sediment off the Yucatan Peninsula

The economy of the peninsula has changed over time. In the past, people focused on cattle ranching and logging. They also produced chicle and henequen. Since the 1970s, tourism has become the main industry. The state of Quintana Roo is a major center for this. The city of Cancún grew from a small fishing village into a large city. The Riviera Maya is another famous area for travelers. Some parts of the peninsula also produce oil.

15-07-14-Yucatan-Ölfelder-RalfR-WMA 0481
15-07-14-Yucatan-Ölfelder-RalfR-WMA 0481
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🖼️ Images & Media (8)
File:Chicxulub impact - artist impression.jpg
Chicxulub impact - artist impression.jpg
File:Chichen Itza 3.jpg
Chichen Itza 3.jpg
File:Sediment off the Yucatan Peninsula.jpg
Sediment off the Yucatan Peninsula.jpg
File:Yucatan chix crater.jpg
Yucatan chix crater.jpg
File:Yucatan Cenotes (Mexico, December 2019) - 10 (50093204117).jpg
Yucatan Cenotes (Mexico, December 2019) -...
File:Chichen Itza Mexico (125162451).jpeg
Chichen Itza Mexico (125162451).jpeg
File:15-07-14-Yucatan-Ölfelder-RalfR-WMA 0481.jpg
15-07-14-Yucatan-Ölfelder-RalfR-WMA 0481.jpg
File:Mérida, Yucatán from the 16th floor of Hyatt.JPG
Mérida, Yucatán from the 16th floor of Hyatt.JPG
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