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William Dean Howells

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William Dean Howells was a central figure in American literature during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

William Dean Howells (ca1870)
William Dean Howells (ca1870)

He was a novelist, a literary critic, a playwright, and a diplomat. Many people called him "The Dean of American Letters" because of his immense influence. Howells is most famous for championing a movement called realism. Realism is a style of writing that focuses on the truthful treatment of material. He believed that fiction should be simple, natural, and honest. He wanted stories to reflect the real world rather than idealized fantasies.

Howells developed his literary philosophy through careful observation and study. He believed that the artist should reject the "ideal grasshopper" in favor of the real one. In this metaphor, the ideal grasshopper represents romanticized or exaggerated characters that do not exist in real life. Instead, he argued for the "simple, honest, and natural grasshopper." This meant writing about ordinary people and their actual experiences. He used his novels to explore complex social issues and human behavior. This approach helped shift the American novel from romanticism toward a more serious form.

His career included several important roles in the world of publishing.

Picture of William Dean Howells at his Office Desk
Picture of William Dean Howells at his Office Desk

In 1866, he became an assistant editor at The Atlantic Monthly. He worked hard to negotiate a higher salary for this position. By 1871, he was promoted to the role of editor. He served in this capacity until 1881. Later, in 1885, he began writing a column for Harper's Magazine called "The Editor's Study." He insisted on having the power to overrule objections from advertisers. This allowed him to write about controversial topics like modern civilization and sex in literature.

Howells was a prolific author of many different types of books. His first novel, Their Wedding Journey, was published in 1872. However, his reputation grew significantly with his realist works. His 1882 novel, A Modern Instance, examined the decay of a marriage. His most famous book, The Rise of Silas Lapham, was published in 1885. It follows the rise and fall of an entrepreneur in the paint business. He also wrote for children, such as The Flight of Pony Baker in 1902. His poetry was also collected in volumes during the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s.

His personal history shaped his dedication to social justice and literature.

William Dean Howells House (Cambridge, MA)
William Dean Howells House (Cambridge, MA)

Born on March 1, 1837, in Martinsville, Ohio, he grew up in a family that valued literacy. His father was a newspaper editor and a printer. As a youth, Howells worked as a "printer's devil," which meant helping with typesetting and printing. He later studied various languages, including German, French, and Spanish. In 1860, he wrote a biography of Abraham Lincoln. This work helped him secure a consulship in Venice. He married Elinor Mead in Paris on Christmas Eve in 1862.

Howells used his platform to advocate for many different causes. He was a Christian socialist, a belief influenced by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. This perspective led him to critique the social effects of industrial capitalism. He wanted to promote social justice and equality from a moral standpoint. In 1898, he joined the Anti-Imperialist League to oppose the annexation of the Philippines. He also used his writing to protest the trials following the Haymarket affair. He believed that writers had a responsibility to address the pressing issues of their time.

As a critic, Howells helped introduce American readers to international literary giants.

William Dean Howells 1906
William Dean Howells 1906

He helped establish the reputations of writers like Henrik Ibsen and Leo Tolstoy in the United States. He also supported many American authors, such as Stephen Crane and Emily Dickinson. His influence extended to new writers who used fresh fictional techniques. Howells was even one of the first seven members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He eventually served as the president of that organization. He remained a highly respected figure until his death from influenza on May 11, 1920.

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File:Picture of William Dean Howells at his Office Desk.jpg
Picture of William Dean Howells at his...
File:William Dean Howells 1906.jpg
William Dean Howells 1906.jpg
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