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Machado de Assis

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Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis is widely considered the greatest writer in Brazilian literature.

Machado de Assis aos 57 anos
Machado de Assis aos 57 anos

He was a prolific novelist, poet, playwright, and short story writer. His work was essential in shaping the realist movement in Brazil. Realism is a literary style that focuses on truthful, often skeptical, depictions of society. Machado was known for his sharp wit and his ability to critique social structures. He remains a central figure in the study of Western literature today.

Machado’s journey began with significant personal challenges in Rio de Janeiro. He was born on June 21, 1839, into a poor family. His father was a wall painter and his mother was a washerwoman.

Morro do Livramento, onde Machado nasceu
Morro do Livramento, onde Machado nasceu

He grew up in a society where slavery was still legal. Machado did not attend a university to prepare for his career. Instead, he was an autodidact, meaning he taught himself through intense study. He eventually mastered several languages, including French, English, German, and Greek.

His early career was rooted in the world of printing and journalism.

Imprensa Nacional onde trabalhou como tipógrafo, por Marc Ferrez
Imprensa Nacional onde trabalhou como tipógrafo, por Marc Ferrez

He began as a typographer’s apprentice at the Imprensa Oficial, or the Official Press. In this role, he helped set type and worked as a proofreader. He also published poetry and chronicles in various newspapers. These early jobs were often low-paying and difficult. At times, he lived so humbly that he could only afford to eat once a day. However, these positions allowed him to meet influential intellectuals and writers.

As he matured, Machado moved into various public and bureaucratic roles. He worked in the Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, and Public Works. In 1867, Emperor Dom Pedro II hired him as a director-assistant in the Diário Oficial. The Emperor even knighted him as an honor for his service.

Machado de Assis 25 anos
Machado de Assis 25 anos

Machado also became a member of the advanced Liberal Party circles. He used his platform to defend religious freedom and engage in social critique. These professional successes provided the stability he needed to focus on his literary masterpieces.

Machado’s literary output can be divided into several distinct phases. He first published poetry collections like "Falenas" in 1870 and "Americanas" in 1875. He also wrote five romantic novels, such as "Helena" and "Iaiá Garcia." While these were popular with the public, critics often found them mediocre. His true greatness emerged when he shifted toward a more skeptical, realistic tone. This transition led to his most famous works, including "Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas" in 1881.

Memorias Posthumas de Braz Cubas
Memorias Posthumas de Braz Cubas

This novel is widely regarded as a masterpiece of world literature.

Other significant works further established his reputation as a master of prose. He wrote the celebrated short story "A Missa do Galo" in 1893. His major novels include "Quincas Borba," "Dom Casmurro," and "Esaú e Jacó."

Brazil 1958 Machado de Assis
Brazil 1958 Machado de Assis

These books allowed him to observe and analyze Brazilian society with deep precision. In 1897, he took on a leadership role in the literary community. He founded the Brazilian Academy of Letters and served as its first president. He held this prestigious position until his death in 1908.

Machado’s legacy is recognized by scholars and critics across the globe. The American critic Harold Bloom included him on a list of the 100 greatest geniuses of literature. This list features other legendary figures like Dante and William Shakespeare. While some in Brazil identify him as Pardo, he is often cited as the greatest Black writer in Western literature. His life is a testament to the power of intellect and self-education.

Enterro de Machado de Assis 2 (1908)
Enterro de Machado de Assis 2 (1908)

Even after his death, his influence continues to shape how the world understands Brazilian culture.

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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Morro do Livramento, onde Machado nasceu.jpg
Morro do Livramento, onde Machado nasceu.jpg
File:Imprensa Nacional onde trabalhou como tipógrafo, por Marc Ferrez.jpg
Imprensa Nacional onde trabalhou como...
File:Machado de Assis 25 anos.jpg
Machado de Assis 25 anos.jpg
File:Brazil_1958_Machado_de_Assis.jpg
Brazil_1958_Machado_de_Assis.jpg
File:Enterro de Machado de Assis 2 (1908).jpg
Enterro de Machado de Assis 2 (1908).jpg
File:Memorias Posthumas de Braz Cubas.jpg
Memorias Posthumas de Braz Cubas.jpg
File:Machado de Assis aos 57 anos.jpg
Machado de Assis aos 57 anos.jpg
File:Poetisized (35715707801).jpg
Poetisized (35715707801).jpg
File:Estatua de Machado de Assis, Madrid.jpg
Estatua de Machado de Assis, Madrid.jpg
File:Brazilian 1000 cruzados obverse.jpg
Brazilian 1000 cruzados obverse.jpg
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