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Weapon

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A weapon, arm, or armament is any device used to deter, threaten, or inflict physical damage.

Prussian bayonet clean
Prussian bayonet clean

These implements can be used for various activities. They increase the efficiency of hunting, law enforcement, and self-defense. They are also central to warfare and crime. In a broader sense, a weapon is anything used to gain a tactical or mental advantage over an enemy. Some weapons are ordinary objects, such as rocks or bottles. Others are expressly designed for harm, ranging from simple clubs to complex missiles. When a normal object is converted for combat, it is called weaponized. This includes things like a weaponized virus or a weaponized laser.

The evolution of weaponry is tied to technological progress. The use of tools to subdue animals allowed humans to expand their cultural niche. This created an arms race. As one group develops a new tool, another group must adapt to it. This cycle drives continuous improvement in technology and skill. While some believe chimpanzees used weapons five million years ago, physical evidence is hard to find. Wooden clubs do not leave a clear record in the earth. However, the Schöningen spears provide unambiguous proof. These eight wooden throwing spears are more than 300,000 years old.

Néolithique 0001
Néolithique 0001

Ancient history saw revolutions in materials and crafting. The Copper Age began around 3,300 BC. This was followed by the Bronze Age, which introduced the bronze sword. As people built fortifications for security, they also created tools to breach them. The battering ram was in use by 2500 BC. Around 1300 BC, ironworking began in Greece. While iron swords were not immediately superior to bronze, other changes occurred. The domestication of the horse and the use of spoked wheels led to the light, horse-drawn chariot. This increased mobility during combat.

Ballista-quadrirotis
Ballista-quadrirotis

Warfare styles shifted significantly during the post-classical period. In Europe, elite knights on horseback dominated the battlefield. They used lances for charging and swords for melee combat. Infantry, or foot soldiers, used different tools. They often relied on sturdy spears or billhooks. As armies became more professional, they used pikes. Pikes are long poles, usually seven to eight feet in length. In the East, the introduction of gunpowder revolutionized warfare. The cannon replaced the trebuchet as the main siege weapon. The Ottomans used cannons to destroy the fortifications of Constantinople.

Tower of London interior
Tower of London interior

The Renaissance introduced firearms to western warfare. Firearms are qualitatively different from older tools. They release energy from combustible propellants, such as gunpowder. This energy is released much faster than a spring or a counterweight. This allows a user to replicate great power with little effort. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, ignition mechanisms improved constantly. During the American Civil War, new technologies emerged. These included the machine gun and the ironclad warship.

Victory Show Cosby UK 06-09-2015 WW2 re-enactment Trade stalls Militaria personal gear replicas reprod.originals zaphad1 Flickr CCBY2.0 Misc. machine guns weapons etc IMG 3874
Victory Show Cosby UK 06-09-2015 WW2 re-enactment Trade stalls Militaria personal gear replicas reprod.originals zaphad1 Flickr CCBY2.0 Misc. machine guns weapons etc IMG 3874

Industrial warfare reached a peak during World War I. This era was defined by technological escalation. Innovations were rapidly matched or countered by new inventions. This period saw the introduction of chemical and biological weapons. It also brought aircraft and aircraft carriers into combat. The use of motor vehicles allowed for more maneuver warfare. Following this, the interwar period saw intense innovation. Major firms like Vickers in Great Britain produced massive amounts of munitions. While the 1920s saw attempts at disarmament, rearmament grew quickly in the 1930s.

Vickers machine gun in the Battle of Passchendaele - September 1917
Vickers machine gun in the Battle of Passchendaele - September 1917

World War II was the most frantic period of development in history. Between 1939 and 1945, massive numbers of new designs were fielded. The most powerful invention of this time was the nuclear bomb. Other major developments included jet aircraft and radar. Many modern military weapons are only minor improvements on these WWII systems. The technology from this era continues to influence how the world functions today.

Victory Show Cosby UK 06-09-2015 WW2 re-enactment Trade stalls Militaria personal gear replicas reprod.originals zaphad1 Flickr CCBY2.0 Misc. machine guns weapons etc IMG 3874
Victory Show Cosby UK 06-09-2015 WW2 re-enactment Trade stalls Militaria personal gear replicas reprod.originals zaphad1 Flickr CCBY2.0 Misc. machine guns weapons etc IMG 3874
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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Dangerous weapons seized from holiday flights at Manchester Airport.jpg
Dangerous weapons seized from holiday...
File:Néolithique 0001.jpg
Néolithique 0001.jpg
File:Ballista-quadrirotis.jpeg
Ballista-quadrirotis.jpeg
File:Racinet1.jpg
Racinet1.jpg
File:Tower of London interior.jpg
Tower of London interior.jpg
File:Prussian bayonet clean.jpg
Prussian bayonet clean.jpg
File:Vickers machine gun in the Battle of Passchendaele - September 1917.jpg
Vickers machine gun in the Battle of...
File:Victory Show Cosby UK 06-09-2015 WW2 re-enactment Trade stalls Militaria personal gear replicas reprod.originals zaphad1 Flickr CCBY2.0 Misc. machine guns weapons etc IMG 3874.jpg
Victory Show Cosby UK 06-09-2015 WW2...
File:Pantex ordance plant 1944-01-26.jpg
Pantex ordance plant 1944-01-26.jpg
File:Yellow Vests - Act 19.jpg
Yellow Vests - Act 19.jpg
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