Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
📖

Vulgate

philosophy religion Maturity 11-13 religion Next article →

This article covers sensitive topics: religion. Parents can manage visibility in Parental Controls.

The Vulgate is a major Latin translation of the Bible. It emerged during the late 4th century. This text became the primary Bible for the Western Church for many centuries. The name "Vulgate" comes from a term used in the 13th century. This term refers to the "version commonly used" by the people.

Hieronymus presents Vulgata
Hieronymus presents Vulgata

Rather than being the work of a single person, it is a composite collection. It contains various translations and revisions from different sources and eras. This complexity makes it a central subject for historians and theologians.

The creation of the Vulgate began with a specific mission. In 382, Pope Damasus I commissioned Saint Jerome to revise the Gospels. Jerome used Greek manuscripts as a reference to improve the existing Latin versions. These existing versions were known as the Vetus Latina, or "Old Latin" texts. After completing the Gospels, Jerome took the initiative to expand his work. He eventually translated most of the books found in the Bible. This massive project changed how the Christian world accessed sacred texts.

Codex Amiatinus - Gospel of Mark, chapter 1
Codex Amiatinus - Gospel of Mark, chapter 1

Jerome's method involved using several different ancient languages. He is most noted for translating the Old Testament directly from the Hebrew Tanakh. Before this, most Latin Bibles relied on the Greek Septuagint. Jerome believed in a concept he called "Hebraica veritas," or Hebrew truth. He argued that the Hebrew text was a more accurate source than the Greek. He also translated the books of Tobit and Judith from Aramaic versions. For the additions to the Book of Daniel, he used the Greek of Theodotion. He even translated the Psalms in three different ways. These included the Versio Romana, the Versio Gallicana, and the Versio juxta Hebraicum.

While Jerome is the primary figure, the Vulgate is a compound text. Not every part of the Bible in the Vulgate was written by him. The New Testament contains sections that other scholars likely revised. For example, the Acts, the Pauline epistles, and the Apocalypse may have been revised by Rufinus of Aquileia or Rufinus the Syrian. Some scholars also suggest that Pelagian groups were responsible for these revisions. These unknown revisers used older Greek manuscript sources. Additionally, the Vulgate includes several Vetus Latina texts that Jerome left unrevised. These include books like 1 and 2 Maccabees, Wisdom, and Sirach.

The content of the Vulgate varies depending on the historical edition. For instance, the Alcuinian pandects from the late 700s show a specific organization. This edition included Jerome's revised Gospels and his Hebrew translation of the Old Testament. It also included the Gallican version of the Psalms. Some books, like the Letter of Jeremiah, were excluded by Jerome but appeared in later versions. The 13th-century Paris Bibles also changed the list of books. They removed the Epistle to the Laodiceans but added the Book of Baruch. These variations show how the collection evolved over hundreds of years.

The Catholic Church eventually gave the Vulgate official status. This happened at the Council of Trent between 1545 and 1563. Before this, there was no single authoritative edition in any language. Following the Council, several official editions were released to the Church. The Sixtine Vulgate was promulgated in 1590. This was followed by the Clementine Vulgate in 1592.

Frontispiece of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate (1592)
Frontispiece of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate (1592)

The Clementine edition became the standard text for the Roman Rite. It remained the standard until a new version was released in 1979. This modern version is called the Nova Vulgata.

Frontispiece of the Sixtine Vulgate 3
Frontispiece of the Sixtine Vulgate 3

The Vulgate remains significant in the modern era. It is still used today within the Latin Church. Its history connects the ancient world of Hebrew and Greek scholarship to the medieval and modern Church. The work of Jerome helped bridge different linguistic traditions. It also established a standard for how religious texts could be translated and preserved. Even with its many different authors and sources, the Vulgate remains a unified pillar of Western religious history.

Gutenberg bible Old Testament Epistle of St Jerome
Gutenberg bible Old Testament Epistle of St Jerome
641 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:Texts of the OT.svg
Texts of the OT.svg
File:Hieronymus presents Vulgata.jpg
Hieronymus presents Vulgata.jpg
File:Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg
Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_S...
File:Codex Amiatinus - Gospel of Mark, chapter 1.jpg
Codex Amiatinus - Gospel of Mark, chapter 1.jpg
File:Frontispiece of the Sixtine Vulgate 3.png
Frontispiece of the Sixtine Vulgate 3.png
File:Frontispiece of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate (1592).jpg
Frontispiece of the Sixto-Clementine...
File:Concordance of Stuttgart Latin Vulgate Bible.jpg
Concordance of Stuttgart Latin Vulgate Bible.jpg
More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.