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Visual impairment

life science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Visual impairment, often called VI or VIP, is the partial or total loss of visual perception. This condition can range from mild blurriness to complete blindness. Without medical treatment or assistive tools, it can make daily tasks very difficult. Common challenges include reading text or walking safely through environments.

Velázquez Blind woman
Velázquez Blind woman

There are many different ways vision can be lost. One major cause is uncorrected refractive errors, which account for 43% of global cases. These errors include near-sightedness, far-sightedness, presbyopia, and astigmatism. Cataracts are another huge factor, causing 33% of cases and serving as the leading cause of blindness. Glaucoma accounts for 2% of visual impairment.

Number-of-people-with-blindness-due-to-each-cause
Number-of-people-with-blindness-due-to-each-cause

Other medical conditions also impact how we see. Age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy are significant causes. Some people experience vision loss due to corneal clouding or various infections. In some cases, the problem is not in the eye itself, but in the brain. This is known as cortical visual impairment. It can be caused by trauma, a stroke, or a premature birth.

Scientists and doctors use specific categories to classify vision loss. The World Health Organization (WHO) updated its definitions in 2010. They moved from using "best corrected visual acuity" to "presenting visual acuity." This means they measure how a person sees in their current state. This change helps identify people who lack access to glasses or surgery.

Distance vision is measured in specific categories. Category 0 involves no or mild impairment. Category 1 is moderate impairment, where vision is worse than 6/18. Category 2 is severe impairment, falling between 6/60 and 3/60. Categories 3, 4, and 5 represent different levels of blindness. These range from having some light perception to having no light perception at all. Near vision is also measured, specifically looking at acuity at a distance of 40 cm.

Different countries have their own legal definitions. In the United States, a person is legally blind if their vision cannot be corrected better than 20/200 in their better eye. They might also have a visual field of 20 degrees or less. The United Kingdom uses the Certificate of Vision Impairment to certify individuals. In the UK, being severely sight-impaired means one is unable to perform work where eyesight is essential.

Pohořelec, Slepci
Pohořelec, Slepci

Visual impairment has a massive global impact. There are approximately 940 million people living with some degree of vision loss. Of these, 246 million have low vision and 39 million are blind. Most people with vision loss are over the age of 50. They are also more likely to live in the developing world. However, the WHO estimates that 80% of these cases are preventable or curable.

68-4062-1 (ATED)
68-4062-1 (ATED)

Many people use specialized tools to navigate the world. Low vision specialists use magnification to help patients. This includes telescopes for distance and electronic tools for near tasks. Some people use a long cane to feel their way forward.

Long cane folded
Long cane folded

Others use guide dogs for mobility.

Caoguia2006
Caoguia2006

For reading, many people use braille, which is a system of raised dots.

Watch for the blind2
Watch for the blind2

Even everyday objects like banknotes have tactile features to help.

Banknote feature
Banknote feature
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🖼️ Images & Media (17)
File:Number-of-people-with-blindness-due-to-each-cause.png
Number-of-people-with-blindness-due-to-eac...
File:68-4062-1 (ATED).jpg
68-4062-1 (ATED).jpg
File:Re-educating wounded. Blind French soldiers learning to make baskets. American Red Cross., 1917 - 1919 - NARA - 533674.jpg
Re-educating wounded. Blind French...
Exploring-Eye-Movements-in-Patients-with-G...
File:Tommy Edison blind cooking.jpg
Tommy Edison blind cooking.jpg
File:Long cane folded.jpg
Long cane folded.jpg
File:Caoguia2006.jpg
Caoguia2006.jpg
File:Blind girl feels shape of vehicle near Mana village, Uttarakhand.jpg
Blind girl feels shape of vehicle near...
File:Visually impaired girl negotiating a rock while rock climbing.jpg
Visually impaired girl negotiating a rock...
File:Watch for the blind2.jpg
Watch for the blind2.jpg
File:Banknote feature.JPG
Banknote feature.JPG
File:Roca seta -mushroom rock- (Los Barruecos).jpg
Roca seta -mushroom rock- (Los Barruecos).jpg

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