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Viola

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The viola is a string instrument belonging to the violin family.

Viola Bridge
Viola Bridge

It is slightly larger than the violin and produces a lower sound. Since the 18th century, it has served as the middle or alto voice in the violin family. It sits between the violin, which is tuned a perfect fifth higher, and the cello, which is tuned an octave lower. The word viola comes from the Italian language. Historically, Italians often used the term viola da braccio, meaning "of the arm."

Viola peg strings
Viola peg strings

To play the viola, a musician, known as a violist, must master specific techniques. The instrument is held on the left shoulder between the chin and the shoulder. Because the viola is larger than a violin, the notes are spread further apart on the fingerboard. This requires wider-spaced fingerings. Violists often use a wider, more intense vibrato. They do this by using the fleshier pad of the finger rather than the tip. To reach the lowest string, a player must bring the left elbow further forward or around. This allows the fingers to press firmly for a clear tone.

Playing viola
Playing viola

Mechanical differences in the equipment also change how a violist performs. The viola uses thicker gauge strings than a violin. These thicker strings result in a deeper and more mellow tone. However, they also respond to bowing more slowly. A violist must often begin moving the bow a fraction of a second before a violinist to stay in sync. The bow is also heavier, typically weighing about 70 grams compared to a violin bow's 60 grams. The bow uses a wider band of horsehair to vibrate the heavy strings.

Viola Bridge
Viola Bridge

Maintaining the correct pitch is a precise process involving tuning. The four strings are tuned in fifths to the notes C3, G3, D4, and A4.

Viola peg strings
Viola peg strings

Players first tune the A string to the ensemble's pitch, usually between 400 and 442 Hz. They then tune the other strings to it. Tuning is done by turning pegs near the scroll to tighten or loosen the strings. Many violas also have fine tuners, which are small knobs located above the tailpiece. These adjusters allow for very small, precise changes in pitch. Some players even use scordatura, which is the practice of using alternative tunings for specific musical effects.

For centuries, makers have experimented with the viola's physical design. A full-size viola body is longer than a violin, averaging about 40 centimeters. Makers have tried to create instruments with larger sound boxes to improve harmony. Hermann Ritter created the viola alta, which measured about 65 centimeters, for Wagner's operas. The Tertis model features wider bouts and deeper ribs to promote better tone. Other modern innovations focus on ergonomics, or ease of playing. The Otto Erdesz "cutaway" viola has a shaped shoulder to make shifting easier. The "Oak Leaf" viola uses extra bouts for its unique shape.

Oak Leaf viola
Oak Leaf viola

In the 20th century, the viola saw a rise in popularity as a solo instrument. This was encouraged by specialized soloists like Lionel Tertis and William Primrose. Many famous composers began writing substantial works for the instrument. Arthur Bliss, Benjamin Britten, and Ralph Vaughan Williams all wrote important pieces. Major concertos were composed by Béla Bartók, William Walton, and Paul Hindemith. Hindemith, who was himself a violist, wrote the concerto Der Schwanendreher. These works helped move the viola from an accompaniment role to a starring role in orchestral music.

Reading music for the viola is unique because it primarily uses the alto clef.

First positionB
First positionB

This is different from the treble clef used by the violin. If the music moves into a much higher register, the notation may switch to the treble clef to help the player. Today, the viola remains vital in string quartets and symphonies. It often plays the "inner voices," providing the harmonic middle that connects the high and low instruments. Through organized research and international societies, the study of the viola continues to grow.

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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:Range viola.png
Range viola.png
File:Viola Bridge.jpg
Viola Bridge.jpg
File:Oak Leaf viola.jpg
Oak Leaf viola.jpg
File:Playing viola.jpg
Playing viola.jpg
File:Viola peg strings.jpg
Viola peg strings.jpg
File:First positionB.png
First positionB.png
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