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Venule

life science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

A venule is a very small vein within the microcirculation. The microcirculation is the small loop of blood vessels in the body. Venules serve a vital role in the circulatory system. They allow blood to return from the capillary beds. This blood then drains into the larger venous system. Many venules eventually unite to form a larger vein. They represent the smallest united common branch in the human body.

The process of blood return happens in specific stages. First, blood moves out of the tiny capillary beds. It enters the smallest veins called post-capillary venules. These vessels have a diameter between 10 and 30 micrometers. Because they are so small, they cannot contain smooth muscle. Instead, they are supported by cells called pericytes. These pericytes wrap around the vessel to provide structure.

As the vessels grow, they change their structure. When a post-capillary venule reaches 50 micrometers in diameter, it changes. It becomes known as a muscular venule. At this size, the vessel can incorporate smooth muscle. Muscular venules have three distinct layers. The inner layer is an endothelium made of squamous endothelial cells. This layer acts as a membrane for the blood.

The middle layer contains muscle and elastic tissue. The outer layer is made of fibrous connective tissue. However, this middle layer is poorly developed in venules. This means venules have thinner walls than arterioles. Arterioles are the vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Because the walls are thin, venules are quite porous. This porosity allows fluid and blood cells to move easily through the walls.

There are specialized types of venules that perform unique tasks. High endothelial venules are a special type found in the body. Their endothelium is made of simple cuboidal cells instead of squamous cells. These specialized vessels help during an infection. They allow lymphocytes to exit the bloodstream. These cells then enter the lymph nodes to help the body.

Other venules are designed for rapid chemical exchange. Short portal venules exist between the pituitary gland lobes. Specifically, they connect the posterior pituitary and the anterior pituitary. These vessels provide an avenue for rapid hormonal exchange. Anatomical evidence also shows confluent interlobe venules. These help move blood from the anterior lobe to the neural lobe. This allows for moment-to-moment sharing of information between the lobes.

Venules are significant because of how much blood they hold. While large veins contain about 70% of total blood volume, venules hold about 25%. This is a large portion of the body's blood. Compared to arterioles, venules are larger in size. However, they possess a much weaker muscular coat. This balance of size and structure helps maintain the flow of the microcirculation.

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