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Vehicle

technology Maturity 11-13 Vital Level 3 Next article →

A vehicle is a machine designed for self-propulsion. This means it can move itself from one place to another. Most vehicles are built to transport people, cargo, or both.

3 modes of transport - boat, train and cars, eastbound through the Columbia River Gorge, near Hood River, Oregon
3 modes of transport - boat, train and cars, eastbound through the Columbia River Gorge, near Hood River, Oregon

While we often think of cars, the term includes many things. It covers watercraft like ships and boats. It also includes aircraft like airplanes and helicopters. Even spacecraft that travel through the void of space are considered vehicles. They are the essential tools humans use to navigate our world and beyond.

To achieve locomotion, a vehicle requires three main components. First, it needs a way to move with little opposition. Most land vehicles use wheels to roll. This uses the principle of rolling to reduce rolling friction. Second, a vehicle needs a power source to provide kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Finally, it needs a control system. This includes things like steering to change direction and brakes to stop.

Brake lights on the Las Vegas Strip
Brake lights on the Las Vegas Strip

Without these three elements, a machine cannot function as a vehicle.

Vehicles are often categorized by how they contact the ground. Land vehicles might use wheels, tracks, or skis. Some use rails, such as trains or trams. There are even non-contact technologies like maglev. Maglev uses magnets to allow a vehicle to float.

Hyundai Ioniq 5 IMG 4854
Hyundai Ioniq 5 IMG 4854

Other categories include watercraft, which move on water. Amphibious vehicles can work on both land and water. Aircraft move through the air using wings or rotors. Space vehicles are designed to operate in the vacuum of space.

Human history is filled with the discovery of new ways to travel. Historians believe boats have been used since prehistory. Rock paintings in Australia show boats from 50,000 to 15,000 BC. The oldest known logboat is the Pesse canoe from the Netherlands. It is roughly 9,500 to 10,000 years old. Later, people developed wheeled vehicles pulled by animals around 4000–3000 BC. In 1769, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built a self-propelled mechanical vehicle. By 1885, Karl Benz patented the first automobile with a gasoline engine.

BH Driver's licence front
BH Driver's licence front

Energy sources vary greatly depending on the type of vehicle. Many motor vehicles use an internal combustion engine. These engines burn fuel like gasoline or diesel to create power.

Honda R18A Engine
Honda R18A Engine

Other vehicles use batteries to store chemical energy. Electric motors then convert this energy into motion.

Toyota Highlander Hybrid (XU70) 1X7A6356
Toyota Highlander Hybrid (XU70) 1X7A6356

Some vehicles use external energy, like sailboats using wind. Others use electricity from overhead lines, such as trams. Even more specialized vehicles use nuclear power or solar energy.

Modern production numbers show how important vehicles are to our lives. In 2010, there were over 1 billion motor vehicles in operation worldwide. This is about one vehicle for every seven people. There are also over 1 billion bicycles in use globally. Some models are incredibly common. The Toyota Corolla is the most-produced car model, with at least 35 million made by 2010. The Honda Super Cub is the most-produced motorcycle, with 60 million units sold by 2008. The Boeing 737 is a top commercial jet, with about 10,000 made by 2018.

Understanding vehicles helps us see how technology connects to science. The study of engines involves thermodynamics and chemistry. The study of flight involves aerodynamics. Even the way we store energy, like in batteries or fuel cells, is a major scientific field. As we develop new technologies, our ability to move through the world changes. From the first logboats to the Apollo 11 Moon landing, vehicles continue to expand our reach.

Woman Exiting on Repsol Honda CBR - Las Vegas Ride for Kids 2019 (cropped)
Woman Exiting on Repsol Honda CBR - Las Vegas Ride for Kids 2019 (cropped)

We are constantly finding new ways to propel ourselves forward.

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🖼️ Images & Media (8)
File:3 modes of transport - boat, train and cars, eastbound through the Columbia River Gorge, near Hood River, Oregon.jpg
3 modes of transport - boat, train and...
File:Hyundai Ioniq 5 IMG 4854.jpg
Hyundai Ioniq 5 IMG 4854.jpg
File:Toyota Highlander Hybrid (XU70) 1X7A6356.jpg
Toyota Highlander Hybrid (XU70) 1X7A6356.jpg
File:Honda R18A Engine.JPG
Honda R18A Engine.JPG
File:Brake lights on the Las Vegas Strip.jpg
Brake lights on the Las Vegas Strip.jpg
File:BH Driver's licence front.jpg
BH Driver's licence front.jpg
File:2005 New South Wales registration plate DI♦45♦XG.jpg
2005 New South Wales registration plate...
File:Woman Exiting on Repsol Honda CBR - Las Vegas Ride for Kids 2019 (cropped).jpg
Woman Exiting on Repsol Honda CBR - Las...
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