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Ural (river)

geography Maturity 7-9 Next article →

The Ural River, historically known as the Yaik, is a major waterway in Eurasia. It flows through both Russia and Kazakhstan. Most authoritative sources consider the river to be the boundary between Europe and Asia. In the city of Orenburg, a bridge even features permanent monuments labeled "Europe" and "Asia."

Urals river Bashkortostan
Urals river Bashkortostan

This river is quite significant in size. It is the third-longest river in Europe, following the Volga and the Danube. In Asia, it ranks as the 18th-longest river. It serves as a vital link between different landmasses and ecosystems.

The river's journey begins in the southern Ural Mountains. It rises on the slopes of Mount Kruglaya within the Uraltau mountain ridge. In this upper section, it behaves as a typical mountain river. The water flows through the Uchalinsky District of Bashkortostan. As it moves downstream, the landscape changes. Near Magnitogorsk, the banks become steep and rocky. The river bottom here contains many rifts. After passing Orsk, the river turns west and flows through a long canyon in the Guberlinsk Mountains. Eventually, it enters the broad, flat plains of Kazakhstan.

Urals river Bashkortostan
Urals river Bashkortostan

The Ural's path is shaped by its many tributaries and changing terrain. Major tributaries include the Ilek and the Sakmara. The river's basin is asymmetrical. The left side of the basin is 2.1 times larger than the right side. However, the right side is more important for feeding the river. Most of the water comes from melting snow, which provides 60% to 70% of the flow. This results in massive spring floods during March and April. During these floods, the river widens significantly. Near Uralsk, it can reach widths of over 10 kilometers. Near its mouth, it can widen to several tens of kilometers.

History has given the river many different names. In the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy called it Daïkos. Some scholars believe this name has Turkic origins. In the 10th century, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus called it the "Geich." The name Yaik was used in various Russian chronicles. In 1775, Empress Catherine II of Russia renamed the river the Ural. This change followed a large revolt known as Pugachev's Rebellion. The Yaik Cossacks had participated in this uprising. The Empress issued a decree to rename places to erase the memory of the revolt. Consequently, the Yaik River became the Ural River.

Pike-pole1
Pike-pole1

The river's end is marked by a unique geological feature. As the Ural reaches the Caspian Sea, it forms a "digitate" delta. This term means the delta has a tree-like or bird's-foot shape. Such deltas form when slow rivers deliver large amounts of sediment into a quiet sea. The delta includes two main distributaries: the Yaik and the Zolotoy. The Yaik distributary is shallow and rich in fish. The Zolotoy is deeper and can be used for navigation. Within this delta, you can find Shalyga Island. This island is long, with a maximum width of 10 kilometers.

Ural-delta-ISS009E18679 lrg
Ural-delta-ISS009E18679 lrg

Life thrives in the Ural's waters and surrounding wetlands. The delta is a critical stop-over for birds on the Asian flyway. Many endangered species live there, such as the great white pelican and the greater flamingo. You might also see the pygmy cormorant or the Eurasian spoonbill. The river is also vital for fish that migrate from the Caspian Sea to spawn. There are 47 different fish species in the lower reaches. The most famous are the sturgeons, including the beluga. Historically, Yaik Cossacks used a technique called bagrenye to catch fish. They used a pike pole to spear hibernating sturgeons through the ice.

Pike-pole1
Pike-pole1

The river's ecosystem supports a wide variety of land animals as well. In the delta regions, there are about 48 animal species. These include many rodents and predators. You can find the raccoon dog, the muskrat, and the wild boar. Other animals include the fox, the wolf, and the saiga antelope. The river's environment is influenced by a continental climate. This means there are frequent and strong winds. The river freezes in late November and begins to open in late March. This cycle of freezing and melting shapes the life of the entire Ural basin.

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File:Pike-pole1.JPG
Pike-pole1.JPG
File:Urals river Bashkortostan.JPG
Urals river Bashkortostan.JPG
File:Ural-delta-ISS009E18679 lrg.jpg
Ural-delta-ISS009E18679 lrg.jpg
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