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Triceps

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The triceps brachii is a large muscle located on the back of the upper limb. Its name comes from Latin words meaning "three-headed muscle of the arm."

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This muscle is vital for many vertebrates. It is the primary muscle responsible for the extension of the elbow joint. Extension is the process of straightening the arm. The triceps also acts as an antagonist to the biceps and brachialis muscles. This means it works in opposition to those muscles to control movement. It can also fixate the elbow joint to allow for fine motor tasks, such as writing.

The muscle operates through a process of contraction and expansion. When the triceps contracts, the muscle fibers shorten to pull the bone. This action straightens the elbow joint. When the elbow is bent, the muscle expands.

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The long head experiences an additional contraction when the arm is placed behind the torso. This happens because the long head crosses the shoulder joint in addition to the elbow. This unique placement allows the long head to assist with the stability of the shoulder joint. It also plays a role in the adduction and retroversion of the arm.

The triceps is divided into three distinct parts called heads. The long head arises from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. It extends past the teres minor and posterior to the teres major. The lateral head arises from the dorsal surface of the humerus. It starts at the greater tubercle and moves toward the lateral intermuscular septum. The medial head arises from the humerus near the groove of the radial nerve. It also originates from the medial and lateral intermuscular septa. The medial head is often hidden by the other two heads.

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Each head serves a specific functional role based on its fiber types. The medial head is composed mostly of small type I fibers. These fibers enable precise, low-force movements. The lateral head consists of large type IIb fibers. These are used for movements requiring occasional high-intensity force. The long head contains a mixture of different fiber types. This allows it to generate sustained force over time. Because of these differences, some researchers consider each head to be an independent muscle. All three heads eventually converge into a single tendon. This tendon inserts onto the olecranon process of the ulna.

Nerve supply to the muscle is a complex subject in anatomy. Classically, scientists believed the radial nerve innervates all three heads. However, recent studies show significant variation in humans. In approximately 14% of individuals, the axillary nerve innervates the long head. In 3% of people, the long head receives dual innervation from both nerves.

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Doctors use the triceps reflex to test nerve function. By hitting the muscle, they can check the health of the C6 and C7 spinal nerves. This test is a common way to evaluate the nervous system of the arm.

Muscle training can target the triceps through various movement types. Isolation movements focus specifically on the triceps. Examples include cable push-downs, lying triceps extensions, and arm extensions behind the back. Compound movements involve multiple joints and muscle groups. These include the push up, bench press, and military press. Dips and the JM press are also compound exercises. A closer grip during pressing movements targets the triceps more than a wide grip.

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Some movements, like pullovers, use static contraction to build the muscle.

The triceps shows fascinating differences across the animal kingdom. In horses, the long head is very large. It accounts for 84% of the total triceps muscle weight. The lateral head makes up 15%, and the medial head makes up 3%. Other mammals, such as pigs, cattle, and dogs, possess a fourth head. This is called the accessory head and sits between the lateral and medial heads. In humans, the anconeus muscle is sometimes loosely referred to as a fourth head. Understanding these variations helps scientists learn how different species move.

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