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Translation

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Translation is a way to share meaning between different languages. It acts like a bridge that carries ideas from a source language to a target language.

Rosetta Stone BW
Rosetta Stone BW

In English, we use different words for different types of this work. Translating is the name for moving written texts from one language to another. Interpreting is the name for moving spoken words or signed speech. This work is very important for sharing knowledge and stories across the world.

Charles V ordonnant la traduction d'Aristote copy
Charles V ordonnant la traduction d'Aristote copy

Translators have a few different ways to approach their hard job. One way is called metaphrase, which is a word-for-word translation. Another way is called paraphrase, which uses different words to keep the same meaning.

John Dryden by John Michael Wright, 1668 (detail), National Portrait Gallery, London
John Dryden by John Michael Wright, 1668 (detail), National Portrait Gallery, London

Some people think metaphrase is imperfect because words often have more than one meaning. Translators must often find a balance between these two styles. They try to keep the original meaning and the style of the text. This can be a difficult compromise to make every time.

This practice is a very old part of human history. The Babylonians were actually the first to make translation a real profession.

Tawqi' script - Qur'anic verses
Tawqi' script - Qur'anic verses

In the second century BCE, a Roman named Terence worked as an adapter of Greek comedies. Long ago, the ancient Egyptians and Hittites used bilingual documents for treaties. One famous example is the Treaty of Kadesh from 1274 BCE. These early efforts helped different groups of people communicate and work together.

Many famous places and people have helped translation grow over time. In the eighth century, a translation bureau was funded in Baghdad.

Tawqi' script - Qur'anic verses
Tawqi' script - Qur'anic verses

The Bayt al-Hikma was a famous library in Baghdad that had its own translation department. In the eleventh century, European scholars began translating Arabic versions of Greek and Roman texts. In Spain, the Escuela de Traductores de Toledo was a key place for this work. Even famous writers like John Dryden have shared their ideas on how to do it well.

John Dryden by John Michael Wright, 1668 (detail), National Portrait Gallery, London
John Dryden by John Michael Wright, 1668 (detail), National Portrait Gallery, London

Translation can even change the languages we speak every day. When a language does not have a word for a new idea, translators might borrow one. These are called loanwords, and they can make a language much richer.

Lin Shu
Lin Shu

Sometimes, a translator might accidentally bring in the grammar of the original language. This is called a spill-over, but it can sometimes be useful. Today, the Internet has created a huge market for these services. It also helps with language localisation, which makes things fit a specific place.

VOA Perry Link
VOA Perry Link
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🖼️ Images & Media (25)
File:Charles V ordonnant la traduction d'Aristote copy.jpg
Charles V ordonnant la traduction...
File:Rosetta Stone BW.jpeg
Rosetta Stone BW.jpeg
File:Jingangjing.jpg
Jingangjing.jpg
File:VOA Perry Link.jpg
VOA Perry Link.jpg
File:Tawqi' script - Qur'anic verses.jpg
Tawqi' script - Qur'anic verses.jpg
File:Muhammad Abduh (trimmed).JPG
Muhammad Abduh (trimmed).JPG
File:John Dryden by John Michael Wright, 1668 (detail), National Portrait Gallery, London.JPG
John Dryden by John Michael Wright, 1668...
File:Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher.jpg
Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher.jpg
File:Lawrence Venuti.jpeg
Lawrence Venuti.jpeg
File:Mark Twain, Brady-Handy photo portrait, Feb 7, 1871, cropped.jpg
Mark Twain, Brady-Handy photo portrait,...
File:Joseph Conrad-remastered to black and white.png
Joseph Conrad-remastered to black and white.png
File:Cortez & La Malinche.jpg
Cortez & La Malinche.jpg

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