Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
🧬

Toxicodendron vernicifluum

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

The *Toxicodendron vernicifluum* is a remarkable Asian tree species.

Mature Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh
Mature Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh

It belongs to the genus *Toxicodendron*. Many people know it by common names like the Chinese lacquer tree or the Japanese lacquer tree. It is also called the varnish tree or poison sumac. This tree is native to China and the Indian subcontinent. However, it is also cultivated in Japan and Korea. It is highly valued because its sap can be turned into a very durable lacquer. This material is used to create beautiful lacquerware in China, Japan, and Korea.

The tree produces a special liquid called sap. This sap is harvested from the trunk of a 10-year-old tree. To collect it, workers cut 5 to 10 horizontal lines into the bark. A greyish yellow sap then exudes from these cuts. This sap contains a specific compound called urushiol. The name urushiol comes from the Japanese name for this tree, *urushi*. Urushiol is an allergenic irritant. It is the same oil found in poison ivy and poison oak. In its liquid state, urushiol can cause extreme skin rashes. Even breathing the vapours of the liquid can cause a reaction.

Leaves and immature fruit on a mature Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Edinburgh
Leaves and immature fruit on a mature Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Edinburgh

Making lacquer is a precise process that involves several steps. First, the harvested sap must be filtered. It may also undergo heat treatment or be mixed with colors. Once prepared, the sap is applied to a base material using a brush. To harden the coating, the object must be cured. This happens in a warm and humid chamber or closet. The curing process lasts between 12 and 24 hours. During this time, the urushiol undergoes polymerization. This means the liquid molecules link together to form a clear, hard, and waterproof surface. Once the lacquer has fully hardened, skin reactions are possible but less common.

Lacquerware is known for having an extremely durable and glossy finish. There are many different types of lacquer finishes. Unpigmented lacquer appears dark brown. However, the most common colors are black and red. To make black lacquer, workers use magnetite, which is also called ferrous-ferric oxide. To make red lacquer, they use ferric oxide, which is rust. The cinnabar-red color is especially highly regarded. People use this beautiful material for many objects. Common examples include tableware, musical instruments, and fountain pens. It is also used for jewelry and bows for archery.

Toxicodendron vernicifluum 03
Toxicodendron vernicifluum 03

Beyond its use in art, the tree has many other uses. The leaves, seeds, and resin are sometimes used in Chinese medicine. These parts can be used to treat internal parasites or to stop bleeding. The tree also contains specific compounds called butein and sulfuretin. These are antioxidants. These compounds have inhibitory effects on advanced glycation processes and aldose reductase. Additionally, the fruits of the tree provide another resource. They can be processed to create a waxy substance known as Japan wax. To make this, the fruits are harvested, dried, steamed, and pressed. The resulting wax hardens when it cools. This wax is used for making candles or varnishing furniture.

The *Toxicodendron vernicifluum* is a large tree that can grow up to 20 metres tall. Its leaves are quite large and complex. Each leaf contains between 7 and 19 leaflets. Most often, you will see between 11 and 13 leaflets on a single leaf. This tree has a deep connection to various cultural practices. For example, Buddhist monks who practiced the ceremony of Sokushinbutsu used the tree's sap. The tree's ability to produce both a hard lacquer and a versatile wax makes it a very important biological resource. It connects the worlds of art, medicine, and industry through its unique chemical properties.

601 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (3)
File:Mature Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.jpg
Mature Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Royal...
File:Leaves and immature fruit on a mature Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Edinburgh.jpg
Leaves and immature fruit on a mature...
File:Toxicodendron vernicifluum 03.jpg
Toxicodendron vernicifluum 03.jpg
More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.