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Tinnitus

life science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Tinnitus is a condition where a person perceives sounds when no external sound is actually present. The term comes from the Latin word *tinnire*, which means "to ring."

While many people think of it as a simple ringing, it can take many forms. It might sound like buzzing, hissing, clicking, or roaring. These sounds can be high or low in pitch. They may be soft or loud. Some people hear the sound in one ear or both. It can also seem to come from other parts of the head.

It is important to understand that tinnitus is not a disease. Instead, it is a symptom of an underlying issue. It can be generated at any level of the auditory system. It can also originate from outside that system. Tinnitus is quite common, affecting about 10% to 15% of the population. Most people tolerate the sensation well. However, it becomes a significant or severe problem for only 1% to 2% of people.

One way tinnitus happens involves how the brain processes sound. When a person experiences hearing loss, the auditory system may try to compensate. This is known as a homeostatic response. The brain attempts to amplify the frequencies that are no longer being heard. This can lead to increased neural activity in the auditory brainstem. In this process, auditory nerve cells can become overexcited. This overexcitement results in the sensation of sound, even in silence.

Scientists classify tinnitus into two main categories: subjective and objective. Subjective tinnitus is the most frequent type. This means the sounds are not detectable by physicians or technicians. They can only be heard by the person experiencing them. This type is sometimes called *tinnitus aurium*. Objective tinnitus is much rarer. In these cases, a doctor might hear the sound using a stethoscope. This can happen due to muscle contractions or blood flow. One rare form of objective tinnitus involves spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs). These are faint, high-frequency tones produced by the inner ear. About 4% of all tinnitus cases are estimated to be caused by SOAEs.

There are also specific types of sounds based on their rhythm. Pulsatile tinnitus is a sound that beats in time with a person's pulse. This is often a vascular phenomenon. It can result from altered blood flow or increased turbulence near the ear. This might be caused by conditions like atherosclerosis or a venous hum. It can also arise from an increased awareness of blood flow. Some people may experience somatic or craniocervical tinnitus. This occurs in about 30% of cases. In these instances, the tinnitus is influenced by the somatosensory system. A person might change the sound by moving their jaw, neck, or head.

Many different factors can trigger these sensations. The most common cause is hearing loss. This often results from cochlear injury or age-related hearing loss, known as presbycusis. Noise-induced hearing loss is another major cause. Loud or traumatic noise can damage the sensory cilia, or hair cells, in the inner ear.

HSR 1996 II 3.3c
HSR 1996 II 3.3c

More than 260 medications have been reported to cause tinnitus as a side effect. These are known as ototoxic drugs. Other causes include ear infections, migraines, or head injuries. Even metabolic issues, like iron deficiency anemia or Vitamin B12 deficiency, can be linked to it.

Diagnosis usually begins with a person describing their symptoms. Doctors often use an audiogram to test hearing levels. They may also perform neurological or otolaryngological examinations. If a doctor needs to look deeper, they might use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For children, CT scans can check the structures of the ear. Early diagnosis is important to prevent long-term developmental impairments. While there are no drugs to treat the condition itself, managing the underlying cause can help. Other management methods include counseling, talk therapy, or using hearing aids.

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