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Tatars

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The Tatars are a collection of Turkic-speaking ethnic groups. They inhabit a vast territory across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia.

Ареал расселения татар в России. По данным Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года
Ареал расселения татар в России. По данным Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года

The term "Tatar" has changed meaning many times throughout history. Originally, it likely referred to a large confederation of steppe tribes. These tribes were eventually absorbed into the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan.

Northern Yuan and Golden Horde
Northern Yuan and Golden Horde

Western mapmakers later used the term "Tartary" for large parts of Asia. This was often a mistake that confused the region with the Mongol Empire itself. Today, the name describes specific ethnic groups who identify as Tatars.

There are several distinct branches of Tatar peoples. These groups are categorized by their geography and their specific linguistic traits. The largest group is the Volga Tatars, located in the Volga-Ural region. They make up 53% of the population in the Republic of Tatarstan.

Татар националь костюмы
Татар националь костюмы

Other major groups include the Crimean Tatars and the Siberian Tatars. Genetic studies suggest these three main groups are actually unrelated. They likely formed independently of one another through different historical processes. However, some groups may have been influenced by the culture of the Golden Horde.

Language plays a major role in how these groups are organized. Most Tatar languages belong to the Kipchak sub-group of Turkic languages.

Map-Kypchak Language World
Map-Kypchak Language World

Within the Volga Tatar group, there are two primary dialects. The Western dialect, or Misher, is spoken mostly by the Mishär people. The Central dialect serves as the foundation for literary Tatar. This literary version is used for writing and formal communication. In contrast, the Siberian Tatar language is considered independent from the Volga-Ural version. Even Crimean Tatar is distinct, though it is related to the Kipchak family.

History shows that the name "Tatar" was sometimes adopted for political reasons. Some scholars suggest that Turkic-speaking peoples in Cumania adopted the name of their Mongol conquerors.

Szigetvar 1566
Szigetvar 1566

This was done as a sign of political allegiance to the new rulers. Over time, these Turkic subjects culturally and linguistically absorbed their conquerors. This process helped the name "Tatar" survive as a proud identity. The name became a lasting testament to the adaptability of these diverse peoples.

The history of the Volga region is particularly complex. In the 7th century, the Volga Bulgars settled in the Volga-Kama region.

White Mosque, Laishevo (2024-02-26) 12
White Mosque, Laishevo (2024-02-26) 12

This area was originally home to Finno-Ugrian peoples. Between 1223 and 1236, the Golden Horde invaded and destroyed Volga Bulgaria. This period is likely when the name "Tatar" became linked to this specific region. Following this, many Kipchak peoples, such as the Nogais, arrived in the Kazan Khanate. These different groups eventually merged into a single society.

The city of Kazan is a central location in Tatar history. The name "Kazan" may come from the Tatar word for a cauldron.

Carlo Bossoli Khanpalast von Bachcisaraj 1857
Carlo Bossoli Khanpalast von Bachcisaraj 1857

Legend says the name was linked to the city's founder, Khan Altyn Bek. In 1552, Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible, captured Kazan. This followed a difficult six-month siege. After this conquest, the Russian state expanded its control over neighboring Bulgaria as well. This event marked a major turning point for the region's political structure.

Today, the Tatar people remain a significant part of the Russian population. There are an estimated 5.3 million ethnic Tatars living in Russia.

Share of Tatars in regions of Russia, 2010 census
Share of Tatars in regions of Russia, 2010 census

They have contributed deeply to the history of the Russian Empire. Many noble families within the empire actually had Tatar origins. This shows how much the various cultures have influenced one another. From the steppes of Siberia to the banks of the Volga, the Tatar story is woven into the fabric of Eurasia.

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🖼️ Images & Media (21)
File:Share of Tatars in regions of Russia, 2010 census.png
Share of Tatars in regions of Russia,...
File:Gok turk Epigraph Copy in Gazi University Ankara.jpg
Gok turk Epigraph Copy in Gazi University...
File:Szigetvar 1566.jpg
Szigetvar 1566.jpg
File:Map-Kypchak Language World.png
Map-Kypchak Language World.png
File:Ареал расселения татар в России. По данным Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года.png
Ареал расселения татар в России. По...
File:Татар националь костюмы.jpg
Татар националь костюмы.jpg
File:Из мечети.jpg
Из мечети.jpg
File:Northern Yuan and Golden Horde.svg
Northern Yuan and Golden Horde.svg
File:White Mosque, Laishevo (2024-02-26) 12.jpg
White Mosque, Laishevo (2024-02-26) 12.jpg
File:Lemke Skirmish with Polish Tatars.png
Lemke Skirmish with Polish Tatars.png
File:Tatar attack Warsaw 1656 (101795262).jpg
Tatar attack Warsaw 1656 (101795262).jpg
File:Tartares lituaniens (par Richard Knötel).jpg
Tartares lituaniens (par Richard Knötel).jpg

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