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Tartuffe

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Tartuffe, also known as The Impostor, is a famous theatrical comedy written by the French playwright Molière.

Tartuffe
Tartuffe

Specifically, the play is classified as a farce, which is a type of comedy that uses exaggerated situations. The story explores the dangers of hypocrisy, which is when a person pretends to have virtues they do not actually possess. Because of this play, the word "tartuffe" became a common term in French and English to describe a hypocrite. This person often feigns religious devotion to manipulate others. The play is a masterpiece of structure, written entirely in 1,962 lines of alexandrines. These are twelve-syllable lines written in rhyming couplets.

Tartuffe1739EnglishEdition
Tartuffe1739EnglishEdition

The plot centers on a man named Orgon and his family. Orgon has fallen under the influence of Tartuffe, a man who was a vagrant before receiving Orgon's charity. Tartuffe uses fake religious authority to control the household. This creates a rift between Orgon and his family members, such as his daughter Mariane and his son Damis. A clever maid named Dorine works to reveal the truth. She helps Elmire, Orgon's wife, arrange a plan to expose the fraud. Elmire decides to lure Tartuffe into a trap by pretending to be interested in him. Orgon eventually hides under a table to witness the encounter. This provides the proof Orgon needs to see Tartuffe's true, lecherous nature.

As the tension rises, the situation becomes even more dangerous for the family. Orgon reveals that he accidentally gave Tartuffe letters that could be seen as treasonous against King Louis XIV. Tartuffe uses this to his advantage, claiming he owns the house and must evict the family. However, the play ends with a sudden twist. An officer arrives, but instead of arresting Orgon, he arrests Tartuffe. The officer explains that the King has learned of Tartuffe's criminal history and treachery. The King forgives Orgon and invalidates the legal documents Tartuffe used to steal the property. This sudden resolution is a classic example of a deus ex machina. This term describes a plot device where an unexpected power solves all the problems.

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The history of the play is filled with intense controversy and censorship. Molière first performed the play in 1664 at the Palace of Versailles. It was part of the grand festivities known as Les fêtes des plaisirs de l'île enchantée. Almost immediately, King Louis XIV suppressed the performance. The King was influenced by his confessor, Paul Philippe Hardouin de Beaumont de Péréfixe. The official reason was that the play might make vice look like virtue. The King feared that people who lacked discernment might mistake the character's bad actions for true devotion. This ban caused great difficulty for Molière's career.

Molière attempted to solve these problems by writing a second version. He titled this version L'Imposteur and changed the main character's name to Panulphe. This version was intended to be less critical of religion. However, this version was also banned after only one performance on August 5, 1667. Even after this, the Paris Parlement censored public performances. Despite these setbacks, Louis XIV continued to support Molière privately. This support likely prevented the playwright from being excommunicated by the Church. Eventually, in 1669, Molière was finally allowed to perform the final version of Tartuffe. This third version is the one that is most commonly performed today.

Many different groups in French society opposed the play during its early years. These included members of the Catholic Church hierarchy and the Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement. This was a Catholic underground organization. To defend the play, an anonymous author wrote a document called Lettre sur la comédie de l'Imposteur in 1667. The author argued that the play was not an endorsement of hypocrisy. Instead, the author claimed that the ridiculous behavior of the character made him a target for ridicule. The author believed that comedy is used to show people what is unreasonable so they can avoid it. This defense helped frame the play as a tool for social correction.

Since its release, Tartuffe has remained a vital part of global theater. It is the most frequently performed play in the repertoire of the Comédie-Française. The play has traveled to major stages like Broadway in New York. Notable productions have featured famous actors and various international translations. For example, the Royal Shakespeare Company used a translation by Christopher Hampton in 1983. Other productions have even changed the setting, such as a 1999 version set in 1950s North Carolina. This shows how the themes of deception and social standing remain relevant across different cultures and eras.

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