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Molière

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Molière was a legendary French playwright, actor, and poet.

Molière - Nicolas Mignard (1658)
Molière - Nicolas Mignard (1658)

He is considered one of the greatest writers in world literature. His works include comedies, farces, and tragicomedies. He also created comédie-ballets, which are musical comedies where songs and dances interrupt the drama. His influence is so vast that the French language is often called the "language of Molière." Today, his plays are performed at the Comédie-Française more often than those of any other playwright.

Molière (Médaillon de M. Puech). Façade du Théâtre-Français. Paris Musées 20231027141030
Molière (Médaillon de M. Puech). Façade du Théâtre-Français. Paris Musées 20231027141030

His stories have been translated into every major living language.

To master his craft, Molière spent thirteen years as an itinerant actor. He traveled through the provinces to polish his comedic abilities. During this time, he combined the Italian style of Commedia dell'arte with refined French comedy. Commedia dell'arte relies on improvisation and a canovaccio, which is a vague plot outline.

Les Contretemps
Les Contretemps

Molière also learned to write full, five-act comedies written in verse. He eventually focused on satirizing societal mannerisms and affectations. This approach follows the idea that comedy can criticize customs through humor. He even studied specific techniques from masters like Tiberio Fiorillo to improve his skill.

Molière was born Jean-Baptiste Poquelin in Paris on 15 January 1622.

WorksMoliere1739Vol01
WorksMoliere1739Vol01

He was born into a prosperous family. His father, Jean Poquelin, held the royal post of valet of the King's chamber. This position required only three months of work and cost 1,200 livres to purchase. Molière studied at the prestigious Jesuit Collège de Clermont. This was a strict academic environment that gave him his first taste of the stage. In 1643, at age 21, he abandoned his planned career in office. He used 630 livres to found the Illustre Théâtre with the actress Madeleine Béjart.

His early career faced significant financial hardship. In 1645, his theatre troupe went bankrupt. They owed 2,000 livres, mostly for the rent of a theatre used for jeu de paume. Molière became the head of the troupe and even spent 24 hours in prison. To protect his father from the shame of having an actor in the family, he used a pseudonym. He chose the name Molière, possibly inspired by a small village in the Midi. After this, he and Madeleine began a new theatrical circuit in the provinces.

Molière achieved great success after returning to Paris in 1658. He performed a classic play by Pierre Corneille and his own farce, The Doctor in Love, before King Louis XIV. This performance at the Louvre led to royal patronage. He was granted the use of the grande salle at the Petit-Bourbon. Later, he moved his company to the Palais-Royal. Because of this royal favor, his troupe received a pension and the title Troupe du Roi.

Jean-Léon Gérôme - Louis XIV and Moliere
Jean-Léon Gérôme - Louis XIV and Moliere

He became an official author of court entertainments.

Despite his fame, Molière's satires often attracted intense criticism. His play Tartuffe studied religious hypocrisy and was denounced by the Catholic Church. This led to a ban by the Parlement. Another play, Dom Juan, had to be withdrawn and was never restaged. His hard work in many theatrical roles eventually took a toll on his health. By 1667, he was forced to take a break from the stage. His work often explored the falsity inherent in human relationships, a theme that inspired later authors like Luigi Pirandello.

Molière's life ended during a performance in 1673. He was playing the character Argan, a hypochondriac, in his final play, The Imaginary Invalid. Molière suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis. During the production, he was seized by a coughing fit and a hemorrhage. He managed to finish the performance, but he collapsed again and died a few hours later.

Perelachaise-Moliere-p1000403
Perelachaise-Moliere-p1000403

His legacy remains central to the history of theatre and the French language.

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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:Molière - Nicolas Mignard (1658).jpg
Molière - Nicolas Mignard (1658).jpg
File:Les Contretemps.jpg
Les Contretemps.jpg
File:Molière (Médaillon de M. Puech). Façade du Théâtre-Français. Paris Musées 20231027141030.jpg
Molière (Médaillon de M. Puech). Façade...
File:WorksMoliere1739Vol01.jpg
WorksMoliere1739Vol01.jpg
File:Jean-Léon Gérôme - Louis XIV and Moliere.jpg
Jean-Léon Gérôme - Louis XIV and Moliere.jpg
File:Perelachaise-Moliere-p1000403.jpg
Perelachaise-Moliere-p1000403.jpg
File:Moliere-Rue de Richelieu.JPG
Moliere-Rue de Richelieu.JPG
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