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Tamil language

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Tamil is a major Dravidian language spoken by people in South Asia. It is recognized as one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world. In 2004, the Central Government of India officially recognized it as a classical language. Today, it serves as an official language in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Puducherry. It also holds official status in the nations of Sri Lanka and Singapore.

Mangulam inscription
Mangulam inscription

Beyond these borders, many Tamil-speaking diaspora communities live in various countries across the globe.

The structure of Tamil is unique due to its agglutinative morphology. This means the language builds complex words by attaching various parts or suffixes to a root. The writing system has also undergone significant changes over thousands of years. It originally evolved from a script known as Tamil Brahmi. Later, a script called Vatteluttu was used before the current script was standardized.

History of Tamil script
History of Tamil script

This evolution shows how the written word has adapted to the needs of its speakers.

Scholars divide the history of Tamil into three distinct linguistic periods. The first is Old Tamil, which spans from approximately 300 BCE to 700 CE. This era includes the famous Sangam literature, a massive collection of over 2,000 poems. The second period is Middle Tamil, lasting from 700 CE to 1600 CE. During this stage, the language experienced important phonological and grammatical shifts. These changes included the emergence of the present tense.

Tanjavur Tamil Inscription2
Tanjavur Tamil Inscription2

The final stage is Modern Tamil, which began around 1600 CE and continues today.

Historical evidence for the language is found in many archaeological sites. In Adichanallur, researchers found earthenware urns dating back to at least 696 BCE. Some of these urns contained writing in the Tamil Brahmi script. Between 2017 and 2018, excavations at Keezhadi uncovered 5,820 artifacts. Some samples from this site containing Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions were dated to around 580 BCE.

Keezhadi excavation
Keezhadi excavation

These discoveries help prove the long and continuous history of the Tamil people.

The reach of the language was historically quite vast. Tamil served as the lingua franca, or common language, for early maritime traders in South India. Because of this trade, Tamil inscriptions have been found far outside of India. These include findings in Indonesia, Thailand, and even Egypt.

Civiltà thamirabani, reperti da adhichanallur, 02
Civiltà thamirabani, reperti da adhichanallur, 02

In 2007, researchers found Egyptian pottery from the first century BCE that featured ancient Tamil Brahmi inscriptions.

Tamil is part of the Dravidian language family, which includes about 26 languages. Its closest major relative is Malayalam, though the two began to diverge around the 9th century CE. The process of separating into a distinct language was not completed until the 13th or 14th century. Kannada is also a relatively close relative that shares some formal ancient structures.

Satavahana Bilingual Coin
Satavahana Bilingual Coin

The name "Tamil" itself has many interesting possible meanings. Some sources define it as "sweetness," while others suggest it means "sweet sound" or "our own speech."

Modern Tamil has been influenced by many different factors over time. Contact with European languages introduced new punctuation and different sentence structures into written Tamil. In 1578, Portuguese missionaries published a Tamil prayer book, making it the first Indian language to be printed. In the 20th century, the Pure Tamil Movement emerged to remove Sanskrit elements from the language.

Tirukkural manuscript
Tirukkural manuscript

This movement sought to replace many Sanskrit loanwords with native Tamil equivalents. Today, the language remains vibrant, with over 1,800 newspapers published in Tamil as of 2001.

563 words

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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Civiltà_thamirabani,_reperti_da_adhichanallur,_02.jpg
Civiltà_thamirabani,_reperti_da_adhichanal...
File:Keezhadi excavation.jpg
Keezhadi excavation.jpg
File:Tamil Inscriptions.jpg
Tamil Inscriptions.jpg
File:Satavahana Bilingual Coin.jpg
Satavahana Bilingual Coin.jpg
File:Mangulam inscription.jpg
Mangulam inscription.jpg
File:Tanjavur Tamil Inscription2.jpg
Tanjavur Tamil Inscription2.jpg
File:Jambai Tamil Brahmi.jpg
Jambai Tamil Brahmi.jpg
File:History of Tamil script.jpg
History of Tamil script.jpg
File:Tirukkural manuscript.jpg
Tirukkural manuscript.jpg
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