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Susquehanna River

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The Susquehanna River is a major waterway in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States.

Susquehanna ETM 19990923 lrg
Susquehanna ETM 19990923 lrg

It flows through three states: New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. This river is the longest on the East Coast of the United States. It is also the 16th-largest river in the country by watershed area. A watershed is the total land area that drains into a river. The river is vital because it provides half of the freshwater for the Chesapeake Bay.

Susquehanna ETM 19990923 lrg
Susquehanna ETM 19990923 lrg

The river system is formed by two primary branches. The North Branch is considered the main branch or the headwaters. It rises at the outlet of Otsego Lake in Cooperstown, New York.

Susquehanna source
Susquehanna source

From there, it flows through rural farmland and dairy country. It receives the Unadilla River at Sidney and the Chenango in Binghamton. The North Branch travels through the anthracite industrial heartland of northeastern Pennsylvania. It passes cities like Wilkes-Barre and Berwick before reaching Northumberland.

The West Branch begins near Elmora in northern Cambria County, Pennsylvania. It travels northeast through towns like Curwensville and Clearfield. At Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania, it receives Pine Creek. Pine Creek is the largest tributary of the West Branch.

Susquehanna River looking downriver at Sunbury
Susquehanna River looking downriver at Sunbury

The West Branch eventually joins the North Branch at Northumberland. This confluence marks the beginning of the lower Susquehanna. From this point, the river flows south toward the Chesapeake Bay.

Geologically, the Susquehanna is an exceptionally old river. Some scientific lists estimate its age between 270 and 340 million years.

Susquehanna River in Danville
Susquehanna River in Danville

It likely formed during the late Jurassic, Cretaceous, or Tertiary Periods. The river cuts through the folds and faults of the Appalachian Mountains. It moves in a zigzag course through various water gaps. These gaps are openings in mountain ridges that the water flows through. The river even helped create the ria, or flooded valley, of the Chesapeake Bay.

Many different groups of people have lived along these waters. The Lenape people had several names for the river. One name, siskëwahane, may mean "Muddy River." Another term, Sisa'we'hak'hanna, might mean "Oyster River."

Susquehanna source
Susquehanna source

This name relates to the widespread oyster beds in the bay. In the 1670s, the Susquehannock people faced conquest by the Iroquois League. This conflict was driven by a desire to control the European fur trade. Later, the river became a key corridor for transporting anthracite coal.

Transportation on the river has changed many times over the centuries. In the early days, people used muscle-powered ferries and canal boats. These boats moved bulk goods before steam-powered railways became common. During the American Revolutionary War, General James Clinton used the river for military movement.

Gen Clinton's Dam Monument
Gen Clinton's Dam Monument

He dammed Otsego Lake to raise the water level. This allowed his flotilla to travel miles downstream. Today, railroad infrastructure still operates along many parts of the river's shores.

The lower Susquehanna passes through significant landmarks and cities. It flows past the Susquehanna Gap in the Blue Mountain Ridge. Harrisburg is the largest city on the lower river.

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania State Capital Building
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania State Capital Building

The river is nearly a mile wide at this location. As it enters Maryland, it is joined by Octoraro Creek and Deer Creek. Finally, the river empties into the Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace. In 1827, the Concord Point Light was built there to assist navigating traffic.

Susquehanna ETM 19990923 lrg
Susquehanna ETM 19990923 lrg
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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Susquehanna source.jpg
Susquehanna source.jpg
File:Susquehanna ETM 19990923 lrg.jpg
Susquehanna ETM 19990923 lrg.jpg
File:Susquehanna River in Danville.JPG
Susquehanna River in Danville.JPG
File:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania State Capital Building.jpg
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania State Capital...
File:Susquehanna River looking downriver at Sunbury.JPG
Susquehanna River looking downriver at Sunbury.JPG
File:Gen Clinton's Dam Monument.jpg
Gen Clinton's Dam Monument.jpg
File:Susquehanna River from above the Breezyview Gazebo in Chickies Rock County Park.jpg
Susquehanna River from above the...
File:The Susquehanna River in Owego, New York.jpg
The Susquehanna River in Owego, New York.jpg
File:Shickshinny Flood March 2011.JPG
Shickshinny Flood March 2011.JPG
File:Three Mile Island 2012-04-21.jpg
Three Mile Island 2012-04-21.jpg
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