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Surveillance

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Surveillance is the systematic monitoring of people, populations, or locations. Its primary goal is to gather information, manage groups, or direct activities. Governments use these methods for national security and law enforcement. Businesses also use surveillance to gather intelligence on competitors, suppliers, or customers. Even criminal organizations use it to plan and commit crimes. Religious organizations have used it to detect heterodoxy, which means holding beliefs that differ from official doctrine.

Three Surveillance cameras
Three Surveillance cameras

Modern surveillance relies on many different technical methods. These include human interaction, postal interception, and wiretapping. Closed-circuit television, or CCTV, uses cameras to observe specific areas. Data mining is a process used to find patterns in large datasets. Computer surveillance is especially common today because of internet traffic. Automated computers sift through intercepted data to find specific "trigger" words or phrases. This helps human investigators find suspicious activity without searching everything manually.

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IAO-logo

Digital surveillance involves monitoring massive amounts of internet data. In the United States, the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) requires that phone calls and broadband traffic be available for real-time monitoring. Federal agencies like the NSA and FBI spend billions of dollars each year on these systems. They use tools such as Carnivore, NarusInsight, and ECHELON to analyze data. The NSA also runs a program called PRISM. This data mining system gives the government direct access to information from technology companies. This includes search histories, emails, live chats, and file transfers.

Kencf0618FacebookNetwork
Kencf0618FacebookNetwork

Computers and mobile phones are major targets for monitoring. Software like the FBI's Magic Lantern can gain unauthorized access to personal data on a computer. There is also a technique called van Eck phreaking. This involves reading electromagnetic signals from a device from hundreds of meters away. Mobile phones are monitored through various methods as well. The StingRay tracker is a tool used in the United States and the United Kingdom. It broadcasts signals that cause nearby phones to connect to it. This allows operators to extract location data, calls, and text messages.

ConstellationGPS
ConstellationGPS

Location tracking is another widespread method of surveillance. Technicians use a process called multilateration to find a phone's geographical position. This calculates the time it takes for a signal to travel to several cell towers. Records from the carrier Sprint showed that law enforcement requested location data 8 million times in one year. In response to privacy concerns, some companies have changed how they operate. For example, Apple's iPhone 6 uses encryption to protect emails and photos. This encryption uses a mathematical algorithm that is unique to the phone. Even if Apple is asked for the data, they can only provide "gibberish" that is unreadable without the code.

Cairns-Lagoon
Cairns-Lagoon

Video surveillance is one of the most visible forms of monitoring. As of 2016, there were approximately 350 million surveillance cameras worldwide. About 65% of these cameras are located in Asia. In 2018, China reported having a network of over 170 million CCTV cameras. Many of these new cameras use facial recognition technology. In the United States, cities receive large grants to build these networks. Chicago used a $5.1 million grant for its Operation Virtual Shield program. New York City used a $350 million grant for its Domain Awareness System. This system uses 18,000 cameras and artificial intelligence to monitor the city.

Surveillance video cameras, Gdynia
Surveillance video cameras, Gdynia

Surveillance creates significant tension between security and privacy. Civil liberties activists often criticize these methods for violating personal privacy. In democracies, laws may exist to restrict how governments use surveillance. However, authoritarian governments often have very few domestic restrictions. The Snowden leaks revealed that the NSA collects metadata on hundreds of millions of targets. These leaks also showed that the British GCHQ can access data collected by the NSA. This demonstrates how information can be shared between different countries. As technology improves, the scale of global surveillance continues to grow.

Aerial of GCHQ, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England 24May2017 arp
Aerial of GCHQ, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England 24May2017 arp
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Surveillance video cameras, Gdynia.jpeg
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Surveillance Camera At Connecticut...
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File:Aerial of GCHQ, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England 24May2017 arp.jpg
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File:Cairns-Lagoon.JPG
Cairns-Lagoon.JPG
File:Three Surveillance cameras.jpg
Three Surveillance cameras.jpg
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DSTAMP Controp Camera.jpg
File:Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg
Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg
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US-VISIT (CBP).jpg
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