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Censorship

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Censorship is the active suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This process occurs when material is deemed objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient. Various entities carry out these actions, including national governments and private institutions. Individuals may also engage in self-censorship, which is when a creator limits their own work or speech. This practice affects many different media types. It includes books, music, films, the press, radio, television, and the Internet.

Internet Censorship and Surveillance World Map
Internet Censorship and Surveillance World Map

Censorship functions through several distinct mechanisms depending on the goal. Moral censorship focuses on removing materials considered obscene or morally questionable. This frequently targets pornography, including child pornography, which is illegal in most global jurisdictions. Military censorship serves to safeguard national security by keeping intelligence and tactics confidential. This method is used to counter espionage and maintain public support during conflicts. Political censorship involves governments withholding information from citizens to exert control. This can prevent free expression that might lead to rebellion.

Grech old russian censorship
Grech old russian censorship

There are also specific types of censorship based on religion and business. Religious censorship uses religious authority to limit or control expression. This often involves a dominant religion imposing limitations on less common faiths. Alternatively, a religion may shun works it deems inappropriate for its followers. Corporate censorship occurs when editors in media outlets intervene to protect their interests. They may disrupt the publication of information that portrays their business or partners negatively. This can also prevent alternative offers from reaching the public eye.

History provides many examples of how these rules have been applied. In 1766, Sweden became the first country to abolish censorship by law. In contrast, the Greek philosopher Plato advocated for censorship in his work, The Republic. He opposed the existence of democracy. However, the Greek playwright Euripides defended the liberty of freeborn men to speak freely. In 399 BC, the Athenian philosopher Socrates was put on trial. He was found guilty of impiety and corrupting the youth, which led to his death.

PynchonBooksBurned
PynchonBooksBurned

During times of war, censorship becomes highly structured to protect state interests. In World War I, British officers reviewed letters sent by soldiers to the United Kingdom. They used black markers to cross out any details that might compromise operational secrecy. During World War II, the phrase "Loose lips sink ships" encouraged individual restraint in sharing sensitive information. Following World War II, the Allied occupation of Japan saw massive censorship from 1945 to 1949. During these four years, the CCD opened 200 million pieces of mail. They also tapped telephones 800,000 times to monitor communications.

1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning
1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning

Modern legal jurisdictions have specific rules that govern what can be said. In Turkey, Article 299 of the Penal Code makes it illegal to insult the President. Violators can face one to four years in prison, with longer terms if the insult is public. India's Information Technology Rules of 2011 define objectionable content as anything threatening national unity or security. Between 2014 and 2019, Turkey launched 128,872 investigations for offenses related to insulting the President. These prosecutions often target independent journalists, political cartoonists, and government critics.

WieczorWroclawia20marca1981
WieczorWroclawia20marca1981

Censorship also heavily influences educational systems and how history is taught. The term "whitewashing" refers to revisionism used to gloss over difficult or questionable historical events. This can involve a biased presentation of history to make it appear more positive. Controversies often arise regarding the reporting of military atrocities, such as the Holocaust or the Nanking Massacre. In the United States, a 2024 study found that 16 Republican-dominated states enacted policies to restrict teaching about race and sexuality. Even famous books have been altered; a version of Fahrenheit 451 contained 75 separate edits and omissions.

Chile quema libros 1973
Chile quema libros 1973
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Victims of Communism Memorial DBKing A.jpg
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Putin palace luxury furniture 2.jpg
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PynchonBooksBurned.png
File:Grech old russian censorship.jpg
Grech old russian censorship.jpg
EFTA00005586.pdf
File:1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG
1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG
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WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg
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Censuraindex.jpg
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Ausstellung entartete kunst 1937.jpg
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