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Su Dingfang

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Su Dingfang was a prominent military general during China's Tang dynasty. Born in 591 during the Sui dynasty, he lived through a period of great change. His early life was shaped by local conflicts and agrarian rebellions. His father, Su Yong, led a local militia to fight these rebels. After his father died, Su Dingfang took command of the militia. He became known for defeating rebel leaders like Zhang Jincheng and Yang Gongqing.

Tang Tujue War
Tang Tujue War

Su's career progressed as he joined the service of the Tang dynasty. He served under the famous general Li Jing during the campaign against the Eastern Turkic Khaganate from 629 to 630. During the final battle, Su acted as a forward commander. This victory helped the Tang dynasty secure its borders. Following this success, he was promoted to a mid-level officer position. He continued his service through the reigns of Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong.

One of Su's most significant achievements was the destruction of the Western Turkic Khaganate in 657. This group was led by Ashina Helu, a former Tang vassal who had broken away. In the spring of 657, Su led a campaign with roughly 20,000 men. He faced an enemy force of nearly 100,000 soldiers. Su used a strong infantry formation armed with long spears to stop the enemy charge. He then used cavalry to launch a counterattack.

Conquest of Western Turks
Conquest of Western Turks

Su showed great determination during the Western Turkic campaign. Even when heavy snow storms arrived, he refused to halt his march. He believed that continuing through the weather would allow him to surprise Ashina Helu. This strategy worked, and he successfully defeated the regrouping enemy forces. The Western Turkic Khaganate was destroyed, and the Tang Empire's western borders expanded to their farthest extent. For his success, Emperor Gaozong named him the Duke of Xing.

Conquest of Western Turks
Conquest of Western Turks

Su Dingfang also led campaigns in other regions, including the Sijie tribe and the Korean Peninsula. In 659, he led 13,000 soldiers to defeat the rebel leader Duman. Su chose to use a surprise attack with 10,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry. After Duman surrendered, Su protected him by promising to spare his life. When Su presented Duman to Emperor Gaozong, the emperor honored Su's promise and released the captive.

Conquest of Western Turks
Conquest of Western Turks

In 660, Su commanded a massive joint operation against the kingdom of Baekje. He led a force of 100,000 soldiers and sailors in alliance with the kingdom of Silla. The Tang forces crossed the Yellow Sea to reach the Baekje capital, Sabi. After a siege, the Baekje leaders surrendered to the Tang forces.

Tang-Korean wars
Tang-Korean wars

While the territory was annexed into the Tang Empire, some historians note that Su's troops mistreated the local people. This led to a period of resistance by Baekje forces that lasted until 663.

Su's military career involved many different types of environments and enemies. He fought in snowy mountains, desert regions, and across the sea. Some historical documents, like the Old Tibetan Annals, suggest he fought the Tibetans in 659. These records claim a small force of 1,000 Tang troops defeated an army of 80,000. Although not mentioned in all Chinese sources, these accounts highlight the wide reach of his commands. His actions helped define the military strength and geography of the Tang dynasty.

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File:Tang Tujue War.png
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File:Tang-Korean wars.png
Tang-Korean wars.png
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