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Student activism

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Student activism, also known as campus activism, is the organized effort by students to drive political, environmental, economic, or social change. These movements are not limited to a single demographic. They include people of all ages, races, and socio-economic backgrounds. While some student groups focus on the internal affairs of their own institutions, such as demanding disinvestment from fossil fuels, others tackle global issues like wars or dictatorships. Historically, student activism has often been associated with left-wing politics. Beyond mere protest, student groups frequently play central roles in the processes of democratization and the winning of civil rights.

Fossil Fuel Divestment Student Protest at Tufts University
Fossil Fuel Divestment Student Protest at Tufts University

The history of university-level activism is nearly as old as the universities themselves. As early as the 13th century, students in Paris and Bologna staged collective actions. These early efforts were primarily focused on "town and gown" issues, which involve the relationship between the university and the local town. Student protests regarding broader political issues also have a very long pedigree. For example, in 1519, during the Joseon Dynasty in Korea, 150 students from the Sungkyunkwan academy staged an unprecedented demonstration against the king. This protest was a response to the Kimyo purge.

Beijing students protesting the Treaty of Versailles (May 4, 1919)
Beijing students protesting the Treaty of Versailles (May 4, 1919)

In Latin America, student activism became a major political force after 1900. In Argentina, this movement triggered the University Revolution in 1918. This revolution began in Córdoba and spread across the region. It aimed to modernize universities and promote democratization. The students created the Córdoba Manifesto to express their specific interests in making educational institutions more democratic.

Reforma Universitaria
Reforma Universitaria

Brazil offers a detailed look at how student organizations can shift political alignments. On August 11, 1937, the União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE) was formed to unite students across the country. The UNE's political stance changed several times. In the 1940s, the group aligned with socialism. By the 1950s, it shifted toward more conservative values. Eventually, the UNE returned to socialism and joined forces with the União Metropolitana dos Estudantes. The UNE was highly influential in the democratization of higher education. During World War II, they successfully pressured President Getúlio Vargas to join the Allies. However, after a military coup in 1964, the UNE was outlawed. Despite a regime that used terror to ensure student subservience, students continued to protest in 1966. This led to the March of the One Hundred Thousand in June 1968, which was the largest protest organized by the UNE.

Manifestação estudantil contra a Ditadura Militar 526
Manifestação estudantil contra a Ditadura Militar 526

In Canada, student activism has taken many forms through various organizations. In the late 1950s and 1960s, the New Left movement produced groups like the Student Union for Peace Action (SUPA). SUPA grew out of the Combined Universities Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CUCND) in December 1964. While CUCND focused on marches, SUPA sought broader societal changes through grassroots politics. Later, groups like Students for a Democratic University (SDU) were formed at McGill and Simon Fraser Universities. In 2012, the Quebec Student Movement emerged due to a 75% increase in tuition. Students feared that this hike would lead to unsustainable debt. Following the election, Premier Jean Charest promised to cancel the hike and repeal anti-assembly laws.

Protest-Montreal-22-May-2012
Protest-Montreal-22-May-2012

Chilean student mobilization provides a modern example of activism targeting systemic inequality. From 2011 to 2013, nationwide protests rocked the country. Students demanded a new framework for education, including more state participation in secondary schools. They also demanded an end to profit in higher education. At the time, only 45% of high school students studied in traditional public schools, and most universities were private. These protests reflected a deep discontent with Chile's high level of inequality. While many marches were non-violent, some involved violence from both protestors and riot police.

La educación no se vende
La educación no se vende

In China, student activism has been a significant factor in modern history, often fueled by nationalism. In 1919, the May Fourth Movement saw over 3,000 students from Peking University and other schools gather at Tiananmen Square. This event is considered a vital step in China's democratic revolution. More recently, in 1989, student-led protests in Tiananmen Square ended in a government massacre of thousands. This event significantly impacted the reputation of the Chinese Communist Party. Throughout these eras, many students have maintained the belief that young people carry the responsibility for the future of the nation.

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🖼️ Images & Media (26)
File:HK CityU Student protest 20140929.jpg
HK CityU Student protest 20140929.jpg
File:Students demonstration Athens Greece 2007.jpg
Students demonstration Athens Greece 2007.jpg
File:Shimer College dialogue transparency 2010.jpg
Shimer College dialogue transparency 2010.jpg
File:Fossil Fuel Divestment Student Protest at Tufts University.jpg
Fossil Fuel Divestment Student Protest at...
File:Reforma Universitaria.jpg
Reforma Universitaria.jpg
File:Student Protest. University of Melbourne.jpg
Student Protest. University of Melbourne.jpg
Manifestação estudantil contra a Ditadura...
File:Protest-Montreal-22-May-2012.jpg
Protest-Montreal-22-May-2012.jpg
File:La educación no se vende.jpg
La educación no se vende.jpg
File:22 mars Berri.jpg
22 mars Berri.jpg
File:A la guillotina!.jpg
A la guillotina!.jpg
File:Beijing students protesting the Treaty of Versailles (May 4, 1919).jpg
Beijing students protesting the Treaty of...

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