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Srinagar

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Srinagar is the largest city in the Kashmir Valley. It serves as the summer capital of the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

View of Srinagar 1872
View of Srinagar 1872

The city is a major metropolitan area in the Himalayas. It is actually the second-largest metropolitan area in that mountain range, following Kathmandu in Nepal. Srinagar is situated along the banks of the Jhelum River. It also sits on the shores of Dal Lake and Anchar Lake. The landscape is defined by the Hari Parbat and Shankaracharya hills.

Pandrethan Shiva Temple, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India (1981)
Pandrethan Shiva Temple, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India (1981)

This location makes the city a central hub for the region's geography and culture.

The city's physical environment is famous for its waterfronts and gardens. Visitors often see iconic houseboats floating on the water.

Market boats on Mar Canal, Srinigar
Market boats on Mar Canal, Srinigar

The city is also a center for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts. These include papier-mâché, wood carving, and carpet weaving. Many people recognize the Kashmir shawl, which is made from pashmina and cashmere wool.

View of Dal Lake and Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar, Lucknow, circa 1780
View of Dal Lake and Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar, Lucknow, circa 1780

The city is also known for producing dried fruits. These natural and artistic elements make Srinagar a unique destination in South Asia.

The history of the city began many centuries ago. According to the Rajatarangini, a historical chronicle, a capital called Srinagari was built by Ashoka. This older capital was located at Pandrethan, which is 3.5 kilometers southeast of the modern city.

Pandrethan Shiva Temple, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India (1981)
Pandrethan Shiva Temple, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India (1981)

Later, in the 6th century CE, King Pravarasena built a new capital called Parvarapura. This new site was at the base of Hari Parbat hill. He built a long embankment on the Jhelum River to protect the city from floods. Parts of this ancient embankment still exist today.

Srinagar underwent significant changes during the Sultanate period between the 14th and 16th centuries. During this time, the Shah Mir dynasty expanded the old town. The city became a spiritual center and attracted many Sufi preachers.

Jama Masjid, Srinagar (14363005587)
Jama Masjid, Srinagar (14363005587)

Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin was a notable ruler during this era. He built the Zainakadal bridge to connect the two sides of the Jhelum River. He also created the Mar canal and two islands in Dal Lake. He is credited with establishing industries like shawl and carpet weaving. These traditions continue to define the city's economy today.

The Mughal Empire annexed Kashmir in 1586. Many Mughal emperors used Srinagar as a summer resort. Emperor Akbar visited the valley three times and built fortifications around Hari Parbat. His successor, Jahangir, was particularly fond of the area. The Mughals built several famous gardens around Dal Lake. These include the Shalimar Bagh and the Nishat Bagh.

The Pari Mahal is another notable Mughal structure, serving as a palace and center for astronomy.

WLM@J&K-Pari Mahal
WLM@J&K-Pari Mahal

Political changes shaped the city through the 19th and 20th centuries. After being ruled by the Afghans and the Sikhs, Srinagar became the summer capital of the Dogra kingdom in 1846. During this time, it became a popular destination for European and Indian elites. In 1952, it became the summer capital of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. This state was administered by India, while Jammu served as the winter capital. In 2019, the region was reorganized into a union territory. Srinagar remains the summer capital of this new administrative unit.

The name Srinagar has deep roots in the Sanskrit language. Scholars interpret the name 'shri-nagara' in two different ways. One interpretation is the "City of Lakshmi," named after the Hindu goddess of prosperity. Another interpretation is 'sūrya-nagar,' which means "City of the Sun."

View of Dal Lake and Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar, Lucknow, circa 1780
View of Dal Lake and Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar, Lucknow, circa 1780

Between the 14th and 19th centuries, the city was sometimes called simply "Kashmir" or "Shahr-i-Kashmir." These different names reflect the many layers of history and belief found in the valley.

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🖼️ Images & Media (12)
File:Pandrethan Shiva Temple, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India (1981).jpg
Pandrethan Shiva Temple, Srinagar, Jammu...
File:Jama Masjid, Srinagar (14363005587).jpg
Jama Masjid, Srinagar (14363005587).jpg
File:India - Srinagar - 023 - Nishat Bagh Mughal Gardens.jpg
India - Srinagar - 023 - Nishat Bagh...
File:View of Dal Lake and Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar, Lucknow, circa 1780.jpg
View of Dal Lake and Shalimar Bagh,...
File:View of Srinagar 1872.jpg
View of Srinagar 1872.jpg
File:Market boats on Mar Canal, Srinigar.jpg
Market boats on Mar Canal, Srinigar.jpg
File:WLM@J&K-Pari Mahal.jpg
WLM@J&K-Pari Mahal.jpg
File:Lapangan terbang Srinagar 2.jpg
Lapangan terbang Srinagar 2.jpg
File:A DEMU passenger train at Srinagar Railway Station Platform.jpg
A DEMU passenger train at Srinagar...
File:ENGINEER DIRECTING PATCH MACADAMISATION.jpg
ENGINEER DIRECTING PATCH MACADAMISATION.jpg
File:University Convocation Complex, University of Kashmir.png
University Convocation Complex,...
File:RSGC.jpg
RSGC.jpg
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