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Silver carp

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The silver carp, also known as the silverfin, is a species of freshwater fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae.

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

These fish are native to China and eastern Siberia, specifically within the Amur and Xi Jiang River drainages. In China, they are celebrated as one of the "four famous domestic fish" alongside bighead, black, and grass carp. Because they are so successful in aquaculture, they are among the most produced fish in the world by weight.

Silver carp, aquaculture production, million tonnes, 1950-2022
Silver carp, aquaculture production, million tonnes, 1950-2022

While they are vital to food production in Asia, they have become a major concern in other parts of the world.

Silver carp are specialized filter feeders that lack a true stomach.

Juvenil Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
Juvenil Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

Because they have no place to store food, they must feed almost constantly on phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus. To do this, they use a strong buccal pump to force water through a unique feeding apparatus. Their gill rakers are fused into a sponge-like filter that strains particles as small as 4 μm. Additionally, an epibranchial organ secretes mucus to help trap these tiny food particles. This efficient system allows them to process massive amounts of organic material from the water.

In their natural habitat, silver carp follow a specific life cycle tied to river movements. They migrate upstream to spawn, after which the eggs and larvae drift downstream. The young fish eventually hatch in the floodplain zone to begin their lives. As they grow, their diet shifts from eating zooplankton to consuming phytoplankton. However, the species faces challenges in its native range. Construction of dams, pollution, and overfishing have led to a "near threatened" status. Population declines have been especially significant in the Chinese portions of their range.

Human activity has spread silver carp to at least 88 countries worldwide.

They were often introduced to improve water quality or support aquaculture. In North America, they were brought in during the 1970s to control algae in wastewater treatment plants. Unfortunately, they escaped and became a highly invasive species. They now compete with native planktivorous fish, such as the paddlefish and bigmouth buffalo. In some areas, they can even make water quality worse. Certain toxic blue-green algae, like Microcystis, can pass through their guts unharmed. This can lead to increased toxin production in the water.

In the United States, silver carp have spread through massive river systems. They are abundant in the Mississippi catchment, stretching from Louisiana to South Dakota and Illinois. They have also moved into the Illinois, Ohio, Missouri, Tennessee, and Wabash Rivers. To stop their spread, agencies like the Tennessee Valley Authority use various methods. Some use bioacoustics fish fences, which combine sound, light, and air bubbles to deter them. Other barriers use electricity, carbon dioxide, or controlled water flow to protect native species.

Dams also act as barriers, as silver carp cannot easily move upstream through locks.

Silver carp are also known for their unique and sometimes dangerous behavior. They are often called "flying" carp because they leap out of the water when startled.

In North America, they can jump up to several feet into the air. This behavior is much more common in North American populations than in their native Asian populations. Scientists are not certain why this difference exists. However, it creates real risks for people in high-speed boats or those water skiing. A leaping fish has even been known to cause serious injuries to people.

Finally, it is important to distinguish silver carp from their close relatives. They belong to the genus Hypophthalmichthys, which includes the bighead carp and the largescale silver carp. Bighead carp are also filter feeders, but they prefer larger particles and eat more zooplankton. In some parts of the United States, silver carp and bighead carp actually hybridize. This means they mate and produce fertile offspring. While the silver carp is a global traveler, the largescale silver carp remains mostly native to areas like Vietnam. Understanding these relationships helps scientists manage the complex ecosystems where these fish live.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Silver carp (8741578836).jpg
Silver carp (8741578836).jpg
File:Hypophthalmichthys molitrix.jpg
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix.jpg
File:Silver carp, aquaculture production, million tonnes, 1950-2022.svg
Silver carp, aquaculture production,...
File:Juvenil Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix).jpg
Juvenil Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys...
Silver carp jumping out of the Illinois River.webm
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